Mikro in makro: pristopi in prispevki k humanističnim vedam ob dvajsetletnici UP Fakultete za humanistične študije (ur./eds. Irena Lazar, Aleksander Panjek, Jonatan Vinkler), Založba Univerze na Primorskem, Koper, 17-45., 2020
The article deals with migratory movements in the decades following the
Second World War in the s... more The article deals with migratory movements in the decades following the
Second World War in the settlement area of the Slovene national inority
in Italy. These movements were affected by the border issue between Italy and Yugoslavia and by the national, political, and ideological conflicts of the post-war period. Immigration and emigration phenomena, which in several phases marked the border area under scrutiny influencing its social, ethnic, and political characters are presented. These migration phenomena concern the Italian and Slovene political refugees who fled from Yugoslavia, the optants who, based on the 1947 peace treaty and the 1954 London agreement, chose the Italian citizenship and left Istria and other former Italian territories that passed under Yugoslavia. The migration policies of the Italian and Yugoslav authorities and the Allied Military Administration, as well as the political implications of the mass settlement of refugees and optants from Istria and Dalmatia in Trieste, are discussed. The role and influence of the Slovene anti-communist political emigration in the Slovene national community in the political and cultural field are presented.
As pertains the emigration processes, the emphasis is on two mass
phenomena. The first is the departure of about 15,000 to 20,000 people
from the Trieste area to Australia in the years following the dissolution of
the Free Territory of Trieste (1954). This emigration emerged as a reaction to the economic and housing crisis and was fuelled by the protracted political conflict and a sense of frustration and mistrust towards the Italian state among the leftist workers, the Slovenes, and those who supported the experiment of Trieste as an independent state.
The second phenomenon is the depopulation of Venetian Slovenia in
the northern part of the Italian territory along the state border with socialist Yugoslavia and today’s Republic of Slovenia. The phenomenon was originated, as in other hilly Italian areas, by unfavourable socio-economic conditions. At the same time, it was also encouraged by a deliberate economic policy aimed at diminishing the presence of the Slovene population and by an artificially created nationalist climate, which in the spirit of the Cold War and Italian patriotism, associated the Slovene population with the “Slav-communist” danger.
The article also draws attention to the differences in the organization
and identification of Slovene emigrants from Venetian Slovenia and Trieste abroad. This was also significantly influenced by the political situation in their areas of origin. While emigrants from Venetian Slovenia created a network of ethnically-based communities and organizations, Slovene emigrants from Trieste in Australia formed a “Trieste origin” community with the Italian emigrants. Due to the state affiliation of Trieste with Italy, the numerical dominance of the Italian component and the Italian language of communication in immigrant communities, as well as the assimilation process and the political activities of pro-Italian groups, these communities and their associations have lost their ethnically and culturally mixed character and acquired an Italian national one.
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however, brought to life the traditional differences among the liberal, catholic and socialistoriented parts of the immigrant
communities. At the centre of their disputes were the different understandings of fascism and forms of the fi ght against it. Despite that, the shooting of four young nationalists marked a higher interest of the immigrant communities in the question of the Slovenes and Croats in the Julian March. Bazovica became a part of their memory as a symbolic place of oppression and antifascist resistance.
however, brought to life the traditional differences among the liberal, catholic and socialistoriented parts of the immigrant
communities. At the centre of their disputes were the different understandings of fascism and forms of the fi ght against it. Despite that, the shooting of four young nationalists marked a higher interest of the immigrant communities in the question of the Slovenes and Croats in the Julian March. Bazovica became a part of their memory as a symbolic place of oppression and antifascist resistance.
Second World War in the settlement area of the Slovene national inority
in Italy. These movements were affected by the border issue between Italy and Yugoslavia and by the national, political, and ideological conflicts of the post-war period. Immigration and emigration phenomena, which in several phases marked the border area under scrutiny influencing its social, ethnic, and political characters are presented. These migration phenomena concern the Italian and Slovene political refugees who fled from Yugoslavia, the optants who, based on the 1947 peace treaty and the 1954 London agreement, chose the Italian citizenship and left Istria and other former Italian territories that passed under Yugoslavia. The migration policies of the Italian and Yugoslav authorities and the Allied Military Administration, as well as the political implications of the mass settlement of refugees and optants from Istria and Dalmatia in Trieste, are discussed. The role and influence of the Slovene anti-communist political emigration in the Slovene national community in the political and cultural field are presented.
As pertains the emigration processes, the emphasis is on two mass
phenomena. The first is the departure of about 15,000 to 20,000 people
from the Trieste area to Australia in the years following the dissolution of
the Free Territory of Trieste (1954). This emigration emerged as a reaction to the economic and housing crisis and was fuelled by the protracted political conflict and a sense of frustration and mistrust towards the Italian state among the leftist workers, the Slovenes, and those who supported the experiment of Trieste as an independent state.
The second phenomenon is the depopulation of Venetian Slovenia in
the northern part of the Italian territory along the state border with socialist Yugoslavia and today’s Republic of Slovenia. The phenomenon was originated, as in other hilly Italian areas, by unfavourable socio-economic conditions. At the same time, it was also encouraged by a deliberate economic policy aimed at diminishing the presence of the Slovene population and by an artificially created nationalist climate, which in the spirit of the Cold War and Italian patriotism, associated the Slovene population with the “Slav-communist” danger.
The article also draws attention to the differences in the organization
and identification of Slovene emigrants from Venetian Slovenia and Trieste abroad. This was also significantly influenced by the political situation in their areas of origin. While emigrants from Venetian Slovenia created a network of ethnically-based communities and organizations, Slovene emigrants from Trieste in Australia formed a “Trieste origin” community with the Italian emigrants. Due to the state affiliation of Trieste with Italy, the numerical dominance of the Italian component and the Italian language of communication in immigrant communities, as well as the assimilation process and the political activities of pro-Italian groups, these communities and their associations have lost their ethnically and culturally mixed character and acquired an Italian national one.
Il lavoro curato da Michele Colucci e Paolo Barcella, strutturato in otto saggi, avvia un percorso di ricerca comparativa sulla storia delle frontiere terrestri italiane ed europee nell'età contemporanea, sul loro attraversamento, il pendolarismo, la sorveglianza, gli statuti particolari, il reclutamento, le condizioni di vita e di lavoro. Nello specifico, sono state messe in risalto le caratteristiche sociali ed economiche della figura peculiare del "lavoratore frontaliero", le diverse definizioni che se ne possono dare nel tempo, le dimensioni che ha assunto la mobilità territoriale nelle diverse stagioni e nei differenti luoghi presi in esame. Il frontalierato, forma di mobilità internazionale a breve raggio, pone dei problemi particolari, perché, pur configurandosi come uno spostamento molto breve, ha generato nel tempo flussi migratori provenienti da molto lontano e diretti verso quelle zone dove è stato possibile attraversare facilmente il confine: è questo il caso, innanzi tutto, della frontiera italo-svizzera. Particolare attenzione è stata posta al manifestari del fenomeno, per quanto in scala più ridotta, alla frontiera nord-orientale italiana, vero e proprio laboratorio delle politiche della memoria e dell'uso pubblico della storia, fucina di miti nazionali e ancora oggi ritenuta una soglia particolarmente critica.