Papers by Gulan Ayaz
Anatolica XLV, 2020
Systematical archaeological researches conducted since 2017 in Southeast Turkey, Şırnak mountaino... more Systematical archaeological researches conducted since 2017 in Southeast Turkey, Şırnak mountainous region, have made a major contribution for the archaeological background of the region. In this article, we present the conclusions of the research during 2017-2018. Tower shaped architectural remains which seem to belong to distinctive customs for the area and other related remains have been examined. As a result of the survey carried out through the high altituted area between Gabar Mountain, which is surrounded by Tigris in west and east; and Kato Mountains on Şırnak border, 52 dirhes, 2 fortresses, 4 chamber tombs, 2 quarries, 3 settlements on hills which date to a single period have been determined. Tower shaped buildings that are stasistically prominent and purposely located on crucial points of deep valleys are called as dirhe by locals. The results of the survey put forth that the dirhes are not randomly positioned but they are on a certain route and organised in a way that the towers were able to see each other. The dirhes look like an element of an advanced communication and defense system, yet they do not provide sufficient data or material for an exact dating. In consideration of Urartian and Assyrian written sources and the present archaeological data, it is presumed that the dirhes are related to the political organisation of Iron Age. On the other hand, during the survey on this mountainous region, no archaeological material or data related to Urartians to the north, nor Assyrians to the south has been determined.
Arteoloji, 2023
This study aims to evaluate a terracotta plaque that is currently housed in the storerooms of the... more This study aims to evaluate a terracotta plaque that is currently housed in the storerooms of the Elazig Archaeological Museum. The bright surface plate, which appears to have been recovered from Altınova in the Keban Dam Lake region, situated to the east of the east of the Upper Euphrates Basin, was purchased by the museum. The plaque, appears to be associated with the Early Bronze Age levels of the large mounds bearing a central character such as Norşuntepe, Korucutepe, Tepecik and Değirmentepe in Altınova. Based on the available data here, it can be inferred that the plaque is associated with the Kura Aras culture. The front side of the terracotta plaque is decorated with incised and relief techniques. The plaque garners attention through this decoration. In the center of the scene, there is a depiction in the form of a “pendent crescent”. The pendent crescent extends to the sides in a monolithic form and turns into a mixed stylized decoration. Immediately to the right and left of this stylized appearance are two male deer figures, the larger one on the left, standing opposite each other and with more naturalistic depictions, especially of the antlers. The plaque is an unusual artifact that appears to be associated with the mystical belief system of the culture. An attempt has been made to contribute to the Kura-Aras culture with this unique artifact unearthed from the museum storage.
Külliye
Van Gölü Havzası’nın güneyinde Güneydoğu Toroslar’ın devamı Doğu Toroslar doğu-batı doğrultusunda... more Van Gölü Havzası’nın güneyinde Güneydoğu Toroslar’ın devamı Doğu Toroslar doğu-batı doğrultusunda uzayarak havzanın güneyi ile arasında doğal bir set oluşturur. 2021 yılında Van Gölü Havzası’nın güneyini araştırmaya yönelik sistemli yüzey araştırmalarına başlanmıştır. Van’ın Çatak, Bahçesaray, Gevaş ilçelerini kapsayan yüzey araştırmasının ilk yılında Çatak İlçesi’nde çalışılmıştır. Çatak İlçesi’nin 15 km kuzeyinde yer alan Uzuntekne Köyü’nün aynı isimdeki Uzuntekne Düzlüğü ulaşımı oldukça zor etrafı yüksek dağ sırtları ile çevrili çanak biçiminde karstik bir çökeltidir. Kuzey-güney yönünde 7 km uzunluğunda kapalı bir havza konumundaki düzlüğün güneyindeki Sakıt Kalesi, Sitiya Kele Yerleşimi, Dirhe Yapısı ve Nekropolü ile kuzeyinde ilk defa tespit edilen Kaniya Bekan Nekropolü Doğu Anadolu’nun güçlükle ulaşılan kırsal yerleşim karakteristiğini yansıtır. Sakıt Kalesi’nin 3,5 km kuzeyindeki henüz bir yerleşim alanı ile organik bağı kurulmamış olan Kaniya-Bekan Nekropolü kapalı havzanı...
Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
Tepeköy Höyük, Muş il merkezinin 45 km kuzeyinde; Varto ilçesinin 22 km güneyinde yer alır. Yukar... more Tepeköy Höyük, Muş il merkezinin 45 km kuzeyinde; Varto ilçesinin 22 km güneyinde yer alır. Yukarı Murat havzasında kazısı yapılan ilk tabakalı höyük olan Tepeköy’ün doğusundan Kaynarca Deresi (Bingöl Çayı), batısından eski Muş-Erzurum karayolu geçer. Urartu Krallığı’nın batıya açılan yol güzergahındaki önemli kalelerinden biri olan Kayalıdere Kalesi’nin yalnızca 5 km kuzeybatısındaki konumu ile Orta Demir Çağ’ında önemli bir lokasyonda olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. 2017-2018 yıllarında Ahlat Müze Müdürlüğü Başkanlığı’nda yapılan kurtarma kazıları sonucunda höyükte; Tunç Çağları, Demir Çağları ve Orta Çağ tabakalarına ulaşılmıştır. Höyükte Demir Çağ tabakalarının mimari izleri zayıftır; bununla birlikte metal buluntu ve özellikle çanak çömlekler Orta Demir Çağ/Urartu dönemi hakkında önemli katkılar sunmaktadır. Bu makalede Orta Demir Çağ tabakasının çanak çömlek buluntuları değerlendirilmiştir. Çanak, çömlek, tabak, testi, bardak, kandil ve minyatür kaplardan oluşan formlar büyük oranda K...
Seramik Araştırmaları Dergisi, Dec 31, 2020
MÖ 13. yüzyıl ortalarından itibaren Doğu Anadolu kırsal karakterli kültürel bir değişimin etkisi ... more MÖ 13. yüzyıl ortalarından itibaren Doğu Anadolu kırsal karakterli kültürel bir değişimin etkisi altına girer ve bu kültür MÖ 9. yüzyıl ortalarında Urartu'nun kuruluşuna kadar devam eder. Bilgilerin hipotetik olduğu bu sürecin yorumlanmasında materyal kültürün önemli ve yaygın buluntu gruplarından biri olan çanak çömleğe sıkça başvurulur. Yivli çanak çömlek ile karakterize olan döneme, mal grubu özellikleri üzerinden bir bakış açısı sunularak süreç bir başka açıdan yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Kazı ve yüzey araştırmalarından elde edilen çanak çömlek buluntuları Kahve-Kiremit, Gri-Siyah, Pembe-Devetüyü veya Kiremit Astarlı olarak tasniflenmiştir ve mal gruplarının istatiksel verileri ile kültür bölgesi haritasının ortaya çıkarılması sağlamıştır. Ana hatlarıyla Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Tendürek volkanının kuzeyinden itibaren Gri-Siyah Mal grubunun, güneyinden itibaren ise Kahve-Kiremit Mal grubunun etkisi altındadır ve yiv bu mal gruplarının ortak dekorasyonudur. Buraya kadar çizilen tablo oldukça geneldir. Bununla birlikte gerek Yukarı Fırat Havzası gerekse Kuzeydoğu Anadolu, Van Gölü Havzası'nın doğusu, Yukarı Murat Havzası ve Hakkari Bölümü çanak çömleğinin birbirinden farklı ve ayırt edilebilir görünümleri vardır. Fakat seramiğin ancak akıtacak, kulp, açkı, astar, kazı bezeme, boya bezeme, kabartma bezeme gibi daha detay özellikleri bu küçük coğrafi birimlerde ayrıştırmayı olanaklı kılar.
Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 2016
Backer La construction d'un char de guerre néo-assyrien Rita Gautschy Astronomical Data and their... more Backer La construction d'un char de guerre néo-assyrien Rita Gautschy Astronomical Data and their Potential for Chronological Purposes Krzysztof Hipp Šamšī-Adad V's Campaigns into the Zagros Revisited Chamsia Sadozaï-David Gandreau Conserver après la fouille: la question des structures en terre crue à partir d'exemples en Asie centrale
Anadolu Araştırmaları / Anatolian Research
Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi, dağlık bir bölge oluşu ya da iklimsel elverişsizliğine rağmen önemli bir gü... more Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi, dağlık bir bölge oluşu ya da iklimsel elverişsizliğine rağmen önemli bir güzergâh veya önemli bir mesken konumunda olmuştur. Tarih öncesi çağlardan beri sürekli yerleşim görmüş, çoğu büyük kültürün, krallığın ve devletin odak noktası olmayı başarmıştır. Özellikle Kalkolitik Çağ sonlarında başladığı düşünülen büyük göçler ve bunun devamında gelen kültürler bölgeyi anayurtları gibi kullanmaya devam etmiştir. Aynı şekilde Muş Bölgesi içinde geçerli olan bu göç dalgaları sadece yüzey araştırmaları ile belirlenirken, Tepeköy Höyük kazıları ile bu veriler belgelenmiştir. Tepeköy, Muş Bölgesinde yapılan tabakalı ilk höyük kazısı olması açısından önemlidir. Höyükte yapılan kazılar sonucu; Orta Çağ, Demir Çağ ve Tunç Çağı tabakalarına ulaşılmıştır. Özellikle Erken Tunç Çağı (ETÇ) ve Orta Tunç Çağı (OTÇ) kültürlerinin çok iyi izlenebildiği yerleşimde hem mimari hem de buluntular açısından zengin özellikler görülebilmektedir. Demir Çağlarının Erken ve Orta Demir (Urartu) Dönemleri'ne ait veriler sunması açısından da oldukça önemli bir höyüktür. Erken Transkafkasya Kültürü ile başlayan ve günümüze kadar sürekli kullanılan höyük hem Muş Bölgesi hem de Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi tarihi için çok önemli veriler sağlamaktadır. Tabakalanması, mimari öğeleri ve diğer buluntu grupları ile birlikte birçok soruya cevap vermektedir.
Our knowledge of the period preceding the Kingdom of Urartu, which was established in the mid-nin... more Our knowledge of the period preceding the Kingdom of Urartu, which was established in the mid-ninth century BC with Van as its centre, is quite limited. From Assyrian sources from the reign of Shalmaneser I on, we learn about communities living on the high plateaus of Eastern Anatolia. However, archaeological research in the region has provided little information. This period, known as "pre-Urartian" in the Lake Van basin, is evaluated here in the light of data from the Ernis, Karagündüz, Dilkaya, and Yoncatepe necropolises. Archaeological research in Lake Van basin indicates a tradition of chamber tombs. The latest example of an underground chamber tomb built of stones is the Çatak chamber tomb. The burials in the tomb bear anthropological features suggesting that the buried individuals belonged to the same family, and they provide new data on grave goods and burial practices. In addition, it can be argued that the social structure hypothesised in relation to burials to the north and east of the lake can also be applied to burials south of Lake Van.
Book Reviews by Gulan Ayaz
Thesis Chapters by Gulan Ayaz
EASTERN ANATOLIA CULTURAL REGIONS OF EARLY IRON AGE POTTERY: EVALUATION IN THE FRAME OF THEIR DEV... more EASTERN ANATOLIA CULTURAL REGIONS OF EARLY IRON AGE POTTERY: EVALUATION IN THE FRAME OF THEIR DEVELOPMENTS, BOUNDARIES, POTTERY GROUPS AND CONNECTIONS:
The Early Iron Age pottery culture of Eastern Anatolia has mostly been described through groovy ware until today. And in this study, all of the potteries of the period, including groovy ware, were analysed in detail according to their properties, types or decorative features.
This study primarily focuses on the excavation data obtained in the area. Excavation centres and findings were analysed regarding geographical subparts of the region.
In this respect: among the potteries we studied are those from Norşuntepe Mound in Elazig-Malatya region, Korucutepe Mound, İmikuşağı Mound, Değirmentepe Mound, Tepecik Mound, İmamoğlu Mound; Bozkurt Tombs in Erzurum-Kars-Ağrı region, Büyükardıç Settlement, Sos Mound, Pulur Mound, Güzelova Mound, Bulamaç mound and Karagündüz Mound in Van Lake basin, Karagündüz Tombs, Van Castle Mound, Yoncatepe Tombs, Ernis / Evditepe Tombs, Dilkaya Mound and Tombs and finally the M2 grave from the Hakkari mountainous region.
Further, we analysed Muş-Bitlis and Van-Igdir-Agri regions surface survey findings. Besides, the Early Iron Age potteries available in the surrounding museums were statistically beneficial to the study.
Since the Eastern Anatolia Region shares a common geography and thus a common culture with the South Caucasus and Northwest Iran, it has undergone a similar development in terms of archaeology throughout the historical process. For this reason, pottery samples from Georgia, Armenia, Nakhichevan, Azerbaijan and some selected centres in the Northwest Iran were also analysed and evaluated in terms of their relations with Eastern Anatolia.
In conclusion, as a result of statistical analysis of about three thousand potteries, two main culture regions "Brown-Reddish Colour Ceramic Culture" and "Grey-Black Colour Ceramic Culture" for the Early Iron Age pottery were developed. Among these wide cultural regions, in such geographical-cultural sub-locations as Elaziğ-Malatya plain, Muş-Bulanık plain, Van Lake basin, Hakkari mountainous region, Ağrı Mountain foothills and Iğdır plain, small pottery groups were separated. Eventually, this study unearths the cultural map of pottery of about a four hundred-year process, starting with the emergence of a new material culture in the 1250s BC running until the establishment of Urartu.
JEWELLERIES FROM AN URARTIAN NECROPOL: VAN/ALTINTEPE:
During the ninth to seventh centuries B.C... more JEWELLERIES FROM AN URARTIAN NECROPOL: VAN/ALTINTEPE:
During the ninth to seventh centuries B.C. Urartu was one of the powerful civilizations of the Near East. The capital of this civilization was Tuspa (today's Van Castle). One of the Urartian's very well known specialty is, their use of huge mineral resources of the eastern Anatolian region. From the excavations conducted in the region, a great number of arms and jewellerries have been found. The cemetery of Altıntepe was one of them excavated by Veli Sevin between 1997-1999. The topic of this discussion consists of 97 small finds unearthed from the cemetery. The detailed studies and analysis that is done on the artıfacats which includes: armlet, bracelet, pin, earings, ring, fibula, amulet, hair ring and hair spiral, are researched ın a 9 different groups. Every single item is separated and categorized based on it's special shapes. Accorrding to the material make up that is given in the catatolgue, most of these jewelleries are made of bronze and later on from Lead, Silver and gold. As a result of comprehensive research that is done on the jewelleries it is understood that the Urartan jewelleries has it's own standards and these standards have repeated themselves.
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Papers by Gulan Ayaz
Book Reviews by Gulan Ayaz
Thesis Chapters by Gulan Ayaz
The Early Iron Age pottery culture of Eastern Anatolia has mostly been described through groovy ware until today. And in this study, all of the potteries of the period, including groovy ware, were analysed in detail according to their properties, types or decorative features.
This study primarily focuses on the excavation data obtained in the area. Excavation centres and findings were analysed regarding geographical subparts of the region.
In this respect: among the potteries we studied are those from Norşuntepe Mound in Elazig-Malatya region, Korucutepe Mound, İmikuşağı Mound, Değirmentepe Mound, Tepecik Mound, İmamoğlu Mound; Bozkurt Tombs in Erzurum-Kars-Ağrı region, Büyükardıç Settlement, Sos Mound, Pulur Mound, Güzelova Mound, Bulamaç mound and Karagündüz Mound in Van Lake basin, Karagündüz Tombs, Van Castle Mound, Yoncatepe Tombs, Ernis / Evditepe Tombs, Dilkaya Mound and Tombs and finally the M2 grave from the Hakkari mountainous region.
Further, we analysed Muş-Bitlis and Van-Igdir-Agri regions surface survey findings. Besides, the Early Iron Age potteries available in the surrounding museums were statistically beneficial to the study.
Since the Eastern Anatolia Region shares a common geography and thus a common culture with the South Caucasus and Northwest Iran, it has undergone a similar development in terms of archaeology throughout the historical process. For this reason, pottery samples from Georgia, Armenia, Nakhichevan, Azerbaijan and some selected centres in the Northwest Iran were also analysed and evaluated in terms of their relations with Eastern Anatolia.
In conclusion, as a result of statistical analysis of about three thousand potteries, two main culture regions "Brown-Reddish Colour Ceramic Culture" and "Grey-Black Colour Ceramic Culture" for the Early Iron Age pottery were developed. Among these wide cultural regions, in such geographical-cultural sub-locations as Elaziğ-Malatya plain, Muş-Bulanık plain, Van Lake basin, Hakkari mountainous region, Ağrı Mountain foothills and Iğdır plain, small pottery groups were separated. Eventually, this study unearths the cultural map of pottery of about a four hundred-year process, starting with the emergence of a new material culture in the 1250s BC running until the establishment of Urartu.
During the ninth to seventh centuries B.C. Urartu was one of the powerful civilizations of the Near East. The capital of this civilization was Tuspa (today's Van Castle). One of the Urartian's very well known specialty is, their use of huge mineral resources of the eastern Anatolian region. From the excavations conducted in the region, a great number of arms and jewellerries have been found. The cemetery of Altıntepe was one of them excavated by Veli Sevin between 1997-1999. The topic of this discussion consists of 97 small finds unearthed from the cemetery. The detailed studies and analysis that is done on the artıfacats which includes: armlet, bracelet, pin, earings, ring, fibula, amulet, hair ring and hair spiral, are researched ın a 9 different groups. Every single item is separated and categorized based on it's special shapes. Accorrding to the material make up that is given in the catatolgue, most of these jewelleries are made of bronze and later on from Lead, Silver and gold. As a result of comprehensive research that is done on the jewelleries it is understood that the Urartan jewelleries has it's own standards and these standards have repeated themselves.
The Early Iron Age pottery culture of Eastern Anatolia has mostly been described through groovy ware until today. And in this study, all of the potteries of the period, including groovy ware, were analysed in detail according to their properties, types or decorative features.
This study primarily focuses on the excavation data obtained in the area. Excavation centres and findings were analysed regarding geographical subparts of the region.
In this respect: among the potteries we studied are those from Norşuntepe Mound in Elazig-Malatya region, Korucutepe Mound, İmikuşağı Mound, Değirmentepe Mound, Tepecik Mound, İmamoğlu Mound; Bozkurt Tombs in Erzurum-Kars-Ağrı region, Büyükardıç Settlement, Sos Mound, Pulur Mound, Güzelova Mound, Bulamaç mound and Karagündüz Mound in Van Lake basin, Karagündüz Tombs, Van Castle Mound, Yoncatepe Tombs, Ernis / Evditepe Tombs, Dilkaya Mound and Tombs and finally the M2 grave from the Hakkari mountainous region.
Further, we analysed Muş-Bitlis and Van-Igdir-Agri regions surface survey findings. Besides, the Early Iron Age potteries available in the surrounding museums were statistically beneficial to the study.
Since the Eastern Anatolia Region shares a common geography and thus a common culture with the South Caucasus and Northwest Iran, it has undergone a similar development in terms of archaeology throughout the historical process. For this reason, pottery samples from Georgia, Armenia, Nakhichevan, Azerbaijan and some selected centres in the Northwest Iran were also analysed and evaluated in terms of their relations with Eastern Anatolia.
In conclusion, as a result of statistical analysis of about three thousand potteries, two main culture regions "Brown-Reddish Colour Ceramic Culture" and "Grey-Black Colour Ceramic Culture" for the Early Iron Age pottery were developed. Among these wide cultural regions, in such geographical-cultural sub-locations as Elaziğ-Malatya plain, Muş-Bulanık plain, Van Lake basin, Hakkari mountainous region, Ağrı Mountain foothills and Iğdır plain, small pottery groups were separated. Eventually, this study unearths the cultural map of pottery of about a four hundred-year process, starting with the emergence of a new material culture in the 1250s BC running until the establishment of Urartu.
During the ninth to seventh centuries B.C. Urartu was one of the powerful civilizations of the Near East. The capital of this civilization was Tuspa (today's Van Castle). One of the Urartian's very well known specialty is, their use of huge mineral resources of the eastern Anatolian region. From the excavations conducted in the region, a great number of arms and jewellerries have been found. The cemetery of Altıntepe was one of them excavated by Veli Sevin between 1997-1999. The topic of this discussion consists of 97 small finds unearthed from the cemetery. The detailed studies and analysis that is done on the artıfacats which includes: armlet, bracelet, pin, earings, ring, fibula, amulet, hair ring and hair spiral, are researched ın a 9 different groups. Every single item is separated and categorized based on it's special shapes. Accorrding to the material make up that is given in the catatolgue, most of these jewelleries are made of bronze and later on from Lead, Silver and gold. As a result of comprehensive research that is done on the jewelleries it is understood that the Urartan jewelleries has it's own standards and these standards have repeated themselves.