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The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) is an international grant-making nongovernment organisation promoting evidence-informed development policies and programmes. We are the global leader in funding and producing high-quality evidence of what works, how, why and at what cost. We believe that better and policy-relevant evidence will make development more effective and improve people's lives. 3ie working papers These papers cover a range of content. They may focus on current issues, debates and enduring challenges facing development policymakers and practitioners and the impact evaluation and systematic review communities. Policy-relevant papers draw on relevant findings from impact evaluations and systematic reviews funded by 3ie, as well as other rigorous evidence to offer insights, new analyses, findings and recommendations. Papers focusing on methods and technical guides also draw on similar sources to help advance understanding, design and use of rigorous and appropriate evaluations and reviews. 3ie also uses this series to publish lessons learned from 3ie grant-making. About this working paper This paper, 3ie evidence gap maps: a starting point for strategic evidence production and use provides a conceptual introduction to and demonstration of the evidence gap maps that 3ie produces and their various applications. It outlines the methods for conducting evidence gap maps, but does not go into detail. 3ie will also produce separate guidance about how to create an evidence gap map in 2017. Funding for this impact evaluation was provided by 3ie's donors, which include UK Aid, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. A complete listing of 3ie's donors is on the 3ie website.

Table 7: Legend of the gap map Gap map colouring: White: Primary studies Yellow: Systematic reviews Interventions Communication and dialogue Community groups and networks: participation of existing community groups and networks to raise awareness and/or educate people on immunisation-related aspects (e.g. self-help groups) Faith-based outreach or outreach using local leaders: using faith-based or local community organisations to provide knowledge and/or services to populations who might not otherwise have access to those services Sustained education and sensitisation campaign: continuous or periodically occurring sensitisation and education campaigns promoting immunisation (e.g. media awareness campaigns, vaccination days, school-based education and vaccination campaigns) One-time education and sensitisation campaign: one-time or non-recurring sensitisation and education campaigns promoting immunisation (e.g.media awareness campaigns, vaccination days, school-based education and vaccination campaigns, SMS reminders) Working with groups against immunisation: working with groups reluctant to immunise their children for reasons ranging from superstitions to lack of information Planning and participation Formal health worker education and training: immunisation-related activities comprising educating and/or training formal health workers like nurses, doctors, and licensed caregivers Community worker education and training: immunisation-related activities comprising educating and/or training volunteers and CHWs Community member education and training: immunisation-related activities comprising educating and/or training community members like families of children Monitoring and accountability Community tracking and registering: volunteers and CHWs identifying targets, tracking and registering people for immunisation (e.g. birth tracking, identifying target populations, registering immunisation status of infants and mothers, and so on.) Recognition and incentives Monetary incentives: transferring cash or other monetary incentives to formal health workers, CHWs or community members for providing services related to immunisation (e.g. conditional cash transfers, salary) Non-monetary incentives: providing non-monetary incentives to either formal health workers, CHWs or community members for providing services related to immunization Implementation and service delivery Formal health worker involvement: formal health worker participation including delivery, spreading awareness and other immunisationpromoting jobs CHW involvement: CHW participation including delivery, spreading awareness and other immunisation-promoting jobs Comprehensive programme (multipronged approach): programmes involving community engagement as an essential part of multiple interventions that are evaluated as a whole Collaborating with community on delivery: private and/or public sector working with community members to deliver vaccines Mobile clinics: mobile health vans that provide services related to immunisation (delivery of vaccines, increasing knowledge of local communities) Outcomes Knowledge and attitudes towards immunisation Knowledge and attitudes towards immunization Awareness of service provision Awareness of preventative services (check-ups, screenings) Health utilization Health clinic Delivery of immunisation services Capacity building and training Availability of vaccines Vaccination coverage Full routine immunisation for children (take-up, individuals treated) DPT1/DPT2/DPT3/Polio/Measles/Tetanus Partial routine immunisation for children No routine immunisation for children Non-routine immunisation for children (HPV, Typhoid, Hep-B, H1N1, Cholera) Timely uptake of immunization Immunisation for mothers (Tetanus vaccination during pregnancy) Dropout rate (for DPT, polio, and so on.) Health outcomes Child nutrition Maternal nutrition Childhood morbidity Neonatal/infant/child mortality

The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) is an international grant-making nongovernment organisation promoting evidence-informed development policies and programmes. We are the global leader in funding and producing high-quality evidence of what works, how, why and at what cost. We believe that better and policy-relevant evidence will make development more effective and improve people's lives. 3ie working papers These papers cover a range of content. They may focus on current issues, debates and enduring challenges facing development policymakers and practitioners and the impact evaluation and systematic review communities. Policy-relevant papers draw on relevant findings from impact evaluations and systematic reviews funded by 3ie, as well as other rigorous evidence to offer insights, new analyses, findings and recommendations. Papers focusing on methods and technical guides also draw on similar sources to help advance understanding, design and use of rigorous and appropriate evaluations and reviews. 3ie also uses this series to publish lessons learned from 3ie grant-making. About this working paper This paper, 3ie evidence gap maps: a starting point for strategic evidence production and use provides a conceptual introduction to and demonstration of the evidence gap maps that 3ie produces and their various applications. It outlines the methods for conducting evidence gap maps, but does not go into detail. 3ie will also produce separate guidance about how to create an evidence gap map in 2017. Funding for this impact evaluation was provided by 3ie's donors, which include UK Aid, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. A complete listing of 3ie's donors is on the 3ie website.

The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) promotes evidence-informed equitable, inclusive and sustainable development. We support the generation and effective use of highquality evidence to inform decision-making and improve the lives of people living in poverty in low-and middle-income countries. We provide guidance and support to produce, synthesise and quality-assure evidence of what works, for whom, how, why and at what cost. 3ie working papers These papers cover a range of content. They may focus on current issues, debates and enduring challenges facing development policymakers, programme managers, practitioners, and the impact evaluation and systematic review communities. Policy-relevant papers in this series synthesise or draw on relevant findings from mixed-method impact evaluations and systematic reviews funded by 3ie, as well as other rigorous evidence, to offer new analyses, findings, insights and recommendations. Papers focusing on methods and technical guides also draw on similar sources to help advance understanding, design, and use of rigorous and appropriate evaluations and reviews. 3ie also uses this series to publish lessons learnt from 3ie grant-making. About this working paper This paper, Transparency and accountability in the extractives sector: a synthesis of what works and what does not, uses evidence from seven rigorous impact evaluations of information disclosure and deliberation interventions in the extractives sector. It discusses the impact of these interventions on increasing citizens' knowledge, awareness, trust, and demand for accountability and civic action, as well as their implications for public service delivery, and environmental and development outcomes.

The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) promotes evidence-informed equitable, inclusive and sustainable development. We support the generation and effective use of high-quality evidence to inform decision-making and improve the lives of people living in poverty in low-and middle-income countries. We provide guidance and support to produce, synthesise and quality assure evidence of what works, for whom, how, why and at what cost. 3ie evidence gap map reports 3ie evidence gap maps are thematic collections of information about impact evaluations or systematic reviews that measure the effects of international development policies and programmes. The maps provide a visual display of completed and ongoing systematic reviews and impact evaluations in a sector or sub-sector, structured around a framework of interventions and outcomes. The evidence gap map reports provide all the supporting documentation for the maps, including the background information for the theme of the map, the methods and results, protocols, and the analysis of results. About this evidence gap map report This report provides the supporting documentation for the 3ie evidence gap map on the effect of transparency and accountability interventions in the extractive sector, developed as a part of a project funded by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.

The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) promotes evidence-informed equitable, inclusive and sustainable development. We support the generation and effective use of highquality evidence to inform decision-making and improve the lives of people living in poverty in low-and middle-income countries. We provide guidance and support to produce, synthesise and quality-assure evidence of what works, for whom, how, why and at what cost. 3ie working papers These papers cover a range of content. They may focus on current issues, debates and enduring challenges facing development policymakers, programme managers, practitioners, and the impact evaluation and systematic review communities. Policy-relevant papers in this series synthesise or draw on relevant findings from mixed-method impact evaluations and systematic reviews funded by 3ie, as well as other rigorous evidence, to offer new analyses, findings, insights and recommendations. Papers focusing on methods and technical guides also draw on similar sources to help advance understanding, design, and use of rigorous and appropriate evaluations and reviews. 3ie also uses this series to publish lessons learnt from 3ie grant-making. About this working paper This paper, Transparency and accountability in the extractives sector: a synthesis of what works and what does not, uses evidence from seven rigorous impact evaluations of information disclosure and deliberation interventions in the extractives sector. It discusses the impact of these interventions on increasing citizens' knowledge, awareness, trust, and demand for accountability and civic action, as well as their implications for public service delivery, and environmental and development outcomes.

The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) promotes evidence-informed equitable, inclusive and sustainable development. We support the generation and effective use of high-quality evidence to inform decision-making and improve the lives of people living in poverty in low-and middle-income countries. We provide guidance and support to produce, synthesise and quality assure evidence of what works, for whom, how, why and at what cost. 3ie evidence gap map reports 3ie evidence gap maps are thematic collections of information about impact evaluations or systematic reviews that measure the effects of international development policies and programmes. The maps provide a visual display of completed and ongoing systematic reviews and impact evaluations in a sector or sub-sector, structured around a framework of interventions and outcomes. The evidence gap map reports provide all the supporting documentation for the maps, including the background information for the theme of the map, the methods and results, protocols, and the analysis of results. About this evidence gap map report This report provides the supporting documentation for the 3ie evidence gap map on the effect of transparency and accountability interventions in the extractive sector, developed as a part of a project funded by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.

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