This study explores the impact of institutional factors that facilitate the likelihood of startin... more This study explores the impact of institutional factors that facilitate the likelihood of starting social enterprises. Based on the GEM 2009 data set, we investigate the effect of economic development, government effectiveness, and economic freedom on early-stage social entrepreneurship. Using the method of logistic regression analysis, the study found a U-shaped relationship between economic development and probability of starting social enterprises. It also reveals that better-developed government policies, their successful implementation, and free economic conditions, enhance the chances of starting social enterprises in the most developed, innovation-driven economies, but have no effect in efficiency-driven economies. The results provide support for economic development theories of early-stage entrepreneurship. In addition, the interdependence and free market theories are supported in innovation-driven economies. Besides theoretical contributions, the research highlights the use of a new individual-level measure of early-stage social entrepreneurs, which enables controlling for other individual-level characteristics
The Armenian Gospel of the Infancy, like a number of other apocrypha, was used in many literary w... more The Armenian Gospel of the Infancy, like a number of other apocrypha, was used in many literary works such as lives of saints, hymns, and legends. This Gospel was also transformed into poetic compositions, among which Hovasap‘ Sebastats‘i’s ¨On the Creation¨ and Arakel Baghishets‘i’s ΄΄Ode to the Annunciation΄΄ are significant. While in the first poem the author retells in a free manner one of the famed stories of the Gospel of the Infancy (Jesus with the teacher Gamaliel), Arakel Baghishets‘i closely follows the apocryphon, describing the Annunciation of Mary in all details. The ode begins with a brief overview of the Creation, the fall of man, and continues with the prophets’ predictions of the birth of Jesus, the Only Begotten Son of God. However, the main theme of the work is the Annunciation, accompanied with descriptions of the events directly related to it: the birth and childhood of Mary and the birth of Jesus.
The Armenian "Gospel of the Infancy" is one of those apocryphal writings managed to survive throu... more The Armenian "Gospel of the Infancy" is one of those apocryphal writings managed to survive through centuries, despite the fact that it was refuted by the Church as an heretical composition and became a part of prohibited books that were to be destroyed. Referring to the testimony of Armenian chronicler Samuel of Ani (c. 1179), the Armenian “Gospel of the Infancy" has been long considered as a Nestorian product, however, the study of this apocryphon points out that the sources lying behind this composition ("The Infancy Gospel of Thomas", in particular) had been written by Manichaean authors. The extant Armenian "Gospel of the Infancy" that was extremely popular in the Middle Ages, is an interesting combination of different, often even contradicting each other Christian ideas. Being of Gnostic origin, this apocryphon was later reedited by Nestorian authors, and after this work had been introduced into Armenia, it was also modified by the servants of the Armenian Church. As a result of these transmissions, today in this composition we find traces of Gnostic and Nestorian teachings fertilized with the doctrine of the Armenian Church.
The Armenian translation of the "Gospel of Nicodemus” was one of the most common apocryphal writi... more The Armenian translation of the "Gospel of Nicodemus” was one of the most common apocryphal writings in medieval Armenia. The gospel is not attributed to Nicodemus in writings of ancient Christian authors: the designation of this apocryphon as “Gospel of Nicodemus” has a more recent origin (13th c.). In Armenian manuscripts (especially in later editions of the text) the authorship of the apocryphon is attributed to James, the Lord's brother. The gospel consists of two thematically unrelated parts. The first part is commonly known as the "Acts of Pilate" and is devoted to the interrogation of Jesus, his trial and the "Epistle of Pilate to Emperor Tiberius". The second part of the apocryphon describes the descent of Christ into Hell (Descensus ad Infernos). It should be noted that the "Descent into Hell" is to be found only in Latin and Western translations of of the apocryphon. In ancient oriental manuscripts (including Armenian ones) and in most of Greek texts it has not been found yet. However, the fact that some fragments of this part are used in "On Burial of the Lord" (this composition is attributed to 5th-century Armenian historian Eghishe) gives grounds to assume that the full version of the gospel was translated into Armenian in the 5th century.
This study explores the impact of institutional factors that facilitate the likelihood of startin... more This study explores the impact of institutional factors that facilitate the likelihood of starting social enterprises. Based on the GEM 2009 data set, we investigate the effect of economic development, government effectiveness, and economic freedom on early-stage social entrepreneurship. Using the method of logistic regression analysis, the study found a U-shaped relationship between economic development and probability of starting social enterprises. It also reveals that better-developed government policies, their successful implementation, and free economic conditions, enhance the chances of starting social enterprises in the most developed, innovation-driven economies, but have no effect in efficiency-driven economies. The results provide support for economic development theories of early-stage entrepreneurship. In addition, the interdependence and free market theories are supported in innovation-driven economies. Besides theoretical contributions, the research highlights the use of a new individual-level measure of early-stage social entrepreneurs, which enables controlling for other individual-level characteristics
The Armenian Gospel of the Infancy, like a number of other apocrypha, was used in many literary w... more The Armenian Gospel of the Infancy, like a number of other apocrypha, was used in many literary works such as lives of saints, hymns, and legends. This Gospel was also transformed into poetic compositions, among which Hovasap‘ Sebastats‘i’s ¨On the Creation¨ and Arakel Baghishets‘i’s ΄΄Ode to the Annunciation΄΄ are significant. While in the first poem the author retells in a free manner one of the famed stories of the Gospel of the Infancy (Jesus with the teacher Gamaliel), Arakel Baghishets‘i closely follows the apocryphon, describing the Annunciation of Mary in all details. The ode begins with a brief overview of the Creation, the fall of man, and continues with the prophets’ predictions of the birth of Jesus, the Only Begotten Son of God. However, the main theme of the work is the Annunciation, accompanied with descriptions of the events directly related to it: the birth and childhood of Mary and the birth of Jesus.
The Armenian "Gospel of the Infancy" is one of those apocryphal writings managed to survive throu... more The Armenian "Gospel of the Infancy" is one of those apocryphal writings managed to survive through centuries, despite the fact that it was refuted by the Church as an heretical composition and became a part of prohibited books that were to be destroyed. Referring to the testimony of Armenian chronicler Samuel of Ani (c. 1179), the Armenian “Gospel of the Infancy" has been long considered as a Nestorian product, however, the study of this apocryphon points out that the sources lying behind this composition ("The Infancy Gospel of Thomas", in particular) had been written by Manichaean authors. The extant Armenian "Gospel of the Infancy" that was extremely popular in the Middle Ages, is an interesting combination of different, often even contradicting each other Christian ideas. Being of Gnostic origin, this apocryphon was later reedited by Nestorian authors, and after this work had been introduced into Armenia, it was also modified by the servants of the Armenian Church. As a result of these transmissions, today in this composition we find traces of Gnostic and Nestorian teachings fertilized with the doctrine of the Armenian Church.
The Armenian translation of the "Gospel of Nicodemus” was one of the most common apocryphal writi... more The Armenian translation of the "Gospel of Nicodemus” was one of the most common apocryphal writings in medieval Armenia. The gospel is not attributed to Nicodemus in writings of ancient Christian authors: the designation of this apocryphon as “Gospel of Nicodemus” has a more recent origin (13th c.). In Armenian manuscripts (especially in later editions of the text) the authorship of the apocryphon is attributed to James, the Lord's brother. The gospel consists of two thematically unrelated parts. The first part is commonly known as the "Acts of Pilate" and is devoted to the interrogation of Jesus, his trial and the "Epistle of Pilate to Emperor Tiberius". The second part of the apocryphon describes the descent of Christ into Hell (Descensus ad Infernos). It should be noted that the "Descent into Hell" is to be found only in Latin and Western translations of of the apocryphon. In ancient oriental manuscripts (including Armenian ones) and in most of Greek texts it has not been found yet. However, the fact that some fragments of this part are used in "On Burial of the Lord" (this composition is attributed to 5th-century Armenian historian Eghishe) gives grounds to assume that the full version of the gospel was translated into Armenian in the 5th century.
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The ode begins with a brief overview of the Creation, the fall of man, and continues with the prophets’ predictions of the birth of Jesus, the Only Begotten Son of God. However, the main theme of the work is the Annunciation, accompanied with descriptions of the events directly related to it: the birth and childhood of Mary and the birth of Jesus.
The extant Armenian "Gospel of the Infancy" that was extremely popular in the Middle Ages, is an interesting combination of different, often even contradicting each other Christian ideas. Being of Gnostic origin, this apocryphon was later reedited by Nestorian authors, and after this work had been introduced into Armenia, it was also modified by the servants of the Armenian Church. As a result of these transmissions, today in this composition we find traces of Gnostic and Nestorian teachings fertilized with the doctrine of the Armenian Church.
The gospel consists of two thematically unrelated parts. The first part is commonly known as the "Acts of Pilate" and is devoted to the interrogation of Jesus, his trial and the "Epistle of Pilate to Emperor Tiberius". The second part of the apocryphon describes the descent of Christ into Hell (Descensus ad Infernos). It should be noted that the "Descent into Hell" is to be found only in Latin and Western translations of of the apocryphon. In ancient oriental manuscripts (including Armenian ones) and in most of Greek texts it has not been found yet. However, the fact that some fragments of this part are used in "On Burial of the Lord" (this composition is attributed to 5th-century Armenian historian Eghishe) gives grounds to assume that the full version of the gospel was translated into Armenian in the 5th century.
The ode begins with a brief overview of the Creation, the fall of man, and continues with the prophets’ predictions of the birth of Jesus, the Only Begotten Son of God. However, the main theme of the work is the Annunciation, accompanied with descriptions of the events directly related to it: the birth and childhood of Mary and the birth of Jesus.
The extant Armenian "Gospel of the Infancy" that was extremely popular in the Middle Ages, is an interesting combination of different, often even contradicting each other Christian ideas. Being of Gnostic origin, this apocryphon was later reedited by Nestorian authors, and after this work had been introduced into Armenia, it was also modified by the servants of the Armenian Church. As a result of these transmissions, today in this composition we find traces of Gnostic and Nestorian teachings fertilized with the doctrine of the Armenian Church.
The gospel consists of two thematically unrelated parts. The first part is commonly known as the "Acts of Pilate" and is devoted to the interrogation of Jesus, his trial and the "Epistle of Pilate to Emperor Tiberius". The second part of the apocryphon describes the descent of Christ into Hell (Descensus ad Infernos). It should be noted that the "Descent into Hell" is to be found only in Latin and Western translations of of the apocryphon. In ancient oriental manuscripts (including Armenian ones) and in most of Greek texts it has not been found yet. However, the fact that some fragments of this part are used in "On Burial of the Lord" (this composition is attributed to 5th-century Armenian historian Eghishe) gives grounds to assume that the full version of the gospel was translated into Armenian in the 5th century.