Due to tremendous growth of usage of computer and Internet, the human has entered into an era whe... more Due to tremendous growth of usage of computer and Internet, the human has entered into an era where there is huge amount of information which is valuable and this information enter into their life via internet. No doubt that this kind of information, makes people's life faster and more convenient; on the other hand, various kinds of harmful contents are flooding the Internet, such as viruses, junk mails and so on, which do great harm not only to the individual but also to the whole society. Firewalls and intrusion detection systems are two most famous and important tools that are used to provide security. Firewall acts as first line of Defense against network attacks .They monitor network traffic in order to prevent unauthorized access. Although firewall can control network traffic but they cannot be entirely depended to provide security. Intrusion detection system (IDS) reduces security gaps and strengthens security of a network by analyzing the network assets for anomalous behavior and misuse.. Real time detection with prevention by Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) takes the network security to an advanced level by protecting the network against mischievous activities .In this Paper, we illustrate two important network security tools which includes firewalls and intrusion detection systems their classifications, shortcomings as well as their importance in network security.
The advancement in science has been nothing short of a human revolution that has impacted the eve... more The advancement in science has been nothing short of a human revolution that has impacted the every sphere of life. People all over the world use and benefit from modern technology. Today, almost everything we see around us is the gift of science and technology, be it smart
3D printing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. In this p... more 3D printing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. In this process, an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual object. The printing process is done by using a 3D printer. It has several parts. They are frame, head movement mechanics, motors (stepper), the print head/extruder, firmware, 3D software etc. The aim of this work is to describe the design and construction process of a bowden extruder for 3D printer. In this case, it was used a RepRap (Replicating Rapid-prototyper) 3D printer of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology, where 3D models are built by heating and extruding thermoplastic material through a narrow nozzle. Easily maintainable and usable bowden extruder of FDM technology was designed and implemented on a 3D printer. The results are presented here. Two models of different material (ABS & PLA) were printed at different temperature (230 o C & 185 o C), when the bed temperature was fixed. It is observed that, the printer with this extruder prints the model almost accurately. Although, in some cases a deviation is observed at the thin and sharp edge of the model. A little wraping problem is also found occasionally.
In this paper features like size, shape, and external defects of agricultural products were discu... more In this paper features like size, shape, and external defects of agricultural products were discussed. Major steps in image processing like enhancement, morphological operations, geometric features, pattern recognition and texture features were explained. Merits and demerits of classification techniques like support vector machine, linear discriminative analysis, fuzzy k-neural network, multilayer perceptron, mahalanobis distance classifier and learning vector quantization were furnished. The overall success of attempts on apples, potatoes was discussed. This paper is concluded with the critical remarks over the performance analysis of various techniques undertaken to carry-out the algorithm efficiencies.
The physical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, density, total suspended solids, refractive... more The physical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, density, total suspended solids, refractive index, surface tension and moisture content) of different types of Egyptian honeys (black seed honey, clover honey, desert honey and mountain flower honey) were investigated. Honey samples each of volume 100ml. were adulterated with different volumes (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ml) of starch solution, glucose, molasses and distilled water respectively and were tested and compared to the pure sample. Rheological properties of pure Egyptian honey samples were compared to purchased and adulterated samples, the flow behavior index indicates that the samples exhibit shear thinning flow behavior and some were approximately Newtonian behavior. Apparent viscosity and shear stress of pure and purchased samples of all honey types studied were higher than the adulterated samples; the effect of adding different volumes of adulterants was also studied at different shear rates 1.1308, 5.6544, 11.3088 s-1, which revealed that apparent viscosity decreases as volume of adulterants increase for all the studied shear rates. The combined effect of shear rate and volume of adulterant on the shear stress was determined with data analysis.
Voltage sags are responsible for nuisance process trips in modern automated industrial facilities... more Voltage sags are responsible for nuisance process trips in modern automated industrial facilities, thereby resulting huge financial losses to customers. Therefore, both utility as well as customers are having greater concerns for the improvement in power quality. Electrical utilities are aware that any level of customer voltage sag quality is achievable through the use of mitigation devices such as dynamic voltage restorers (DVR) and UPS. However, at some point the costs cannot be economically justified and must be balanced with the needs of end-users and the value of the service to them. Therefore, options for improving the voltage sag performance of the supply system should be considered for these facilities based on traditional engineering economic principles. Chemical manufacturing process is very vulnerable to voltage sags. This paper describes the importance of the voltage sag problem in such plant and possible mitigation methods. In this paper a cost comparison of voltage sag mitigation method is described.
An attractive feature for future optical networks is the ability to process information entirely ... more An attractive feature for future optical networks is the ability to process information entirely in the optical domain for the purpose of amplification, multiplexing, de-multiplexing, switching, filtering, and correlation. In such networks, all signals processed in the optical domain, without any form of electrical manipulation. Advances in technology have enabled more data to be conveyed through a single optical fiber over long distances. 1. ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDM) With the rapid growth of digital communication in recent years, the need for high speed data transmission is increased. Moreover, future wireless systems are expected to support a wide range of services which includes video, data and voice. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising candidate for achieving high data rates in mobile environment because of its multicarrier modulation technique [1]. OFDM is a unique instance of multicarrier transmission, where a single data stream is transmitted over various lower-rate subcarriers (SCs). One of the principle motivations to utilize OFDM is to increase robustness against frequency selective fading or narrowband interference. In a single carrier system, entire link can fail even if a single fade or interferer can occur, but in a multicarrier system, only a small percentage of the SCs will be affected [2]. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier transmission technique, which divides the bandwidth into many carriers; each one is modulated by a low rate data stream. In term of multiple access technique, OFDM is similar to FDMA in that the multiple user access is achieved by subdividing the available bandwidth into multiple channels that are then allocated to users [3]. OFDM uses the spectrum much more efficiently by spacing the channels much closer together. This is achieved by making all the carriers orthogonal to one another, preventing interference between the closely spaced carriers. OFDM converts a frequency-selective channel into a parallel collection of frequency flat subchannels. The subcarriers have the minimum frequency separation required to maintain orthogonality of their corresponding time domain waveforms. 2. OPTICAL CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (OCDMA) With the help of OCDMA technique, we can combine the gains extracted from CDMA technology and fibers enormous bandwidth, to achieve high-speed seamless connectivity. The last decade has seen huge development in optical based networking, which includes dense optical networking such as Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Code Division Multiple Access. Optical version of these technologies known as OCDMA has left huge impact on the real time networking to satisfy user's needs. Optical CDMA permits various users to access the network resources asynchronously, capability to support flexible data rate and bursty traffic and privacy in communication [4]. The OCDMA network comprises: encoding, decoding, types of codes and nature of codes. Most commonly used codes in communication are bipolar and unipolar. In bipolar type of codes, for the purpose of encoding the data, both negative and positive levels are considered whereas in the case of unipolar scheme only single level i.e. positive level is earmarked. Optical communication systems generally employ unipolar codes because optical power is required to convey the information and the point with optical power is that it can never be made negative. On the other hand RF communication systems generally use the bipolar codes, as voltage levels are used to convey the information and voltage can either be negative or positive [5]. The advantages of Optical CDMA include its easy and smooth functioning and it has emerged as a strong option to ultra-high speed LANs. Here it is never required to have full control over time and frequency components for the communication. In addition to its ability to transmit asynchronously without any overlapping of data, gives it a definite edge over its competitors [6]. Every user channel in OCDMA network is known by an exclusive signature sequence code and as such achieved multiplexing gains are high. As compared to TDMA and WDMA, where the communication capability can only be increased with the increase in total number of time or wavelength channels, OCDMA permits flexibility of network design because here effective code generation decides the number of supported subscribers in a network i.e. approach is soft-limited and hence is more user friendly than TMDA and WDMA.
During the last decade, the renewable power sources such as photovoltaic (PV) modules are growing... more During the last decade, the renewable power sources such as photovoltaic (PV) modules are growing fast as an effective and cheap energy source. It is a crucial issue to integrate PV into the grid. In this paper, a control model for integration of PV system into the grid and the effectiveness of the PI controller in the system under different levels of solar irradiation are presented. An MPPT module with PI control developed in this work that is felicitous for power applications program; however, the problem of integration of PV is that it relies heavily on weather conditions. So, there is a necessity for developing control techniques for grid integration PV system including a method for voltage and current control that stabilises the voltage and current. An MPPT algorithm using DC/DC converter (Boost converter) is applied to make PV arrays to work at maximum power point. Then, the system behaviour and performance are studied. The system stability is also considered when there is a change in solar irradiation or a fault in the system. The simulation results of MATLAB/SIMULINK address that the proposed PI controller has a good performance.
The last few years has seen numerous studies pointing to the IEC61850 as a worthwhile internation... more The last few years has seen numerous studies pointing to the IEC61850 as a worthwhile international standard for substation automation systems. The standard incorporates the use of logical nodes to resolve problems related to interoperability and interchangeability in multi-vendor zone substation systems. The standard also initiated a cost-effective Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messaging technology to replace the traditional copper wiring. This paper provides a synopsis of communication protocols and their development over the time. The authors elucidate core elements of telemetry communications, structures of protocols and the significance of standards for communication protocols within substation automation systems. This paper aims to endorse and publicise the IEC61850 protocol as the latest and improved communication standard opposed to other substation protocols like DNP and Modbus.
In this study, the experimental results of the concentration of E.coli bacteria in water exposed ... more In this study, the experimental results of the concentration of E.coli bacteria in water exposed to magnetic flux density are presented. Water samples were collected from River Njoro, Nakuru County, Kenya. The initial Escherichia coli (E.coli) counts for the samples were obtained using Membrane Filtration techniques. The samples were then exposed to different magnetic flux densities (2mT, 6mT and 10mT) at time intervals of 6 hours and 18 hours for each magnetic flux. Membrane filtration was also done after magnetic treatment of the samples. The data obtained was photographed and presented in tables and bar graphs. The maximum disinfection efficiency was 82.2% for bacteria exposed to a magnetic flux of 10 mT for18 hours. This study proved that magnetic field can be used as inhibitory factor against the E.coli bacteria.
Information and divergence measure are very useful and play an important role in many areas like ... more Information and divergence measure are very useful and play an important role in many areas like as Sensor Networks [11], Testing the order in a Markov chain [12], Risk for binary experiments[13], Region segmentation and estimation [14] etc. In this paper we establish an upper and lower bounds of Relative arithmetic-geometric divergence, Relative J-divergence, Jenson-Shannon's divergence, Triangular discrimination, Unified Relative Jensen-Shannon and arithmetic-geometric divergence of types etc. in terms of Chi-square divergence using a new f-divergence measure and inequalities.
Due to tremendous growth of usage of computer and Internet, the human has entered into an era whe... more Due to tremendous growth of usage of computer and Internet, the human has entered into an era where there is huge amount of information which is valuable and this information enter into their life via internet. No doubt that this kind of information, makes people's life faster and more convenient; on the other hand, various kinds of harmful contents are flooding the Internet, such as viruses, junk mails and so on, which do great harm not only to the individual but also to the whole society. Firewalls and intrusion detection systems are two most famous and important tools that are used to provide security. Firewall acts as first line of Defense against network attacks .They monitor network traffic in order to prevent unauthorized access. Although firewall can control network traffic but they cannot be entirely depended to provide security. Intrusion detection system (IDS) reduces security gaps and strengthens security of a network by analyzing the network assets for anomalous behavior and misuse.. Real time detection with prevention by Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) takes the network security to an advanced level by protecting the network against mischievous activities .In this Paper, we illustrate two important network security tools which includes firewalls and intrusion detection systems their classifications, shortcomings as well as their importance in network security.
The advancement in science has been nothing short of a human revolution that has impacted the eve... more The advancement in science has been nothing short of a human revolution that has impacted the every sphere of life. People all over the world use and benefit from modern technology. Today, almost everything we see around us is the gift of science and technology, be it smart
3D printing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. In this p... more 3D printing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. In this process, an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual object. The printing process is done by using a 3D printer. It has several parts. They are frame, head movement mechanics, motors (stepper), the print head/extruder, firmware, 3D software etc. The aim of this work is to describe the design and construction process of a bowden extruder for 3D printer. In this case, it was used a RepRap (Replicating Rapid-prototyper) 3D printer of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology, where 3D models are built by heating and extruding thermoplastic material through a narrow nozzle. Easily maintainable and usable bowden extruder of FDM technology was designed and implemented on a 3D printer. The results are presented here. Two models of different material (ABS & PLA) were printed at different temperature (230 o C & 185 o C), when the bed temperature was fixed. It is observed that, the printer with this extruder prints the model almost accurately. Although, in some cases a deviation is observed at the thin and sharp edge of the model. A little wraping problem is also found occasionally.
In this paper features like size, shape, and external defects of agricultural products were discu... more In this paper features like size, shape, and external defects of agricultural products were discussed. Major steps in image processing like enhancement, morphological operations, geometric features, pattern recognition and texture features were explained. Merits and demerits of classification techniques like support vector machine, linear discriminative analysis, fuzzy k-neural network, multilayer perceptron, mahalanobis distance classifier and learning vector quantization were furnished. The overall success of attempts on apples, potatoes was discussed. This paper is concluded with the critical remarks over the performance analysis of various techniques undertaken to carry-out the algorithm efficiencies.
The physical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, density, total suspended solids, refractive... more The physical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, density, total suspended solids, refractive index, surface tension and moisture content) of different types of Egyptian honeys (black seed honey, clover honey, desert honey and mountain flower honey) were investigated. Honey samples each of volume 100ml. were adulterated with different volumes (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ml) of starch solution, glucose, molasses and distilled water respectively and were tested and compared to the pure sample. Rheological properties of pure Egyptian honey samples were compared to purchased and adulterated samples, the flow behavior index indicates that the samples exhibit shear thinning flow behavior and some were approximately Newtonian behavior. Apparent viscosity and shear stress of pure and purchased samples of all honey types studied were higher than the adulterated samples; the effect of adding different volumes of adulterants was also studied at different shear rates 1.1308, 5.6544, 11.3088 s-1, which revealed that apparent viscosity decreases as volume of adulterants increase for all the studied shear rates. The combined effect of shear rate and volume of adulterant on the shear stress was determined with data analysis.
Voltage sags are responsible for nuisance process trips in modern automated industrial facilities... more Voltage sags are responsible for nuisance process trips in modern automated industrial facilities, thereby resulting huge financial losses to customers. Therefore, both utility as well as customers are having greater concerns for the improvement in power quality. Electrical utilities are aware that any level of customer voltage sag quality is achievable through the use of mitigation devices such as dynamic voltage restorers (DVR) and UPS. However, at some point the costs cannot be economically justified and must be balanced with the needs of end-users and the value of the service to them. Therefore, options for improving the voltage sag performance of the supply system should be considered for these facilities based on traditional engineering economic principles. Chemical manufacturing process is very vulnerable to voltage sags. This paper describes the importance of the voltage sag problem in such plant and possible mitigation methods. In this paper a cost comparison of voltage sag mitigation method is described.
An attractive feature for future optical networks is the ability to process information entirely ... more An attractive feature for future optical networks is the ability to process information entirely in the optical domain for the purpose of amplification, multiplexing, de-multiplexing, switching, filtering, and correlation. In such networks, all signals processed in the optical domain, without any form of electrical manipulation. Advances in technology have enabled more data to be conveyed through a single optical fiber over long distances. 1. ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDM) With the rapid growth of digital communication in recent years, the need for high speed data transmission is increased. Moreover, future wireless systems are expected to support a wide range of services which includes video, data and voice. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising candidate for achieving high data rates in mobile environment because of its multicarrier modulation technique [1]. OFDM is a unique instance of multicarrier transmission, where a single data stream is transmitted over various lower-rate subcarriers (SCs). One of the principle motivations to utilize OFDM is to increase robustness against frequency selective fading or narrowband interference. In a single carrier system, entire link can fail even if a single fade or interferer can occur, but in a multicarrier system, only a small percentage of the SCs will be affected [2]. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier transmission technique, which divides the bandwidth into many carriers; each one is modulated by a low rate data stream. In term of multiple access technique, OFDM is similar to FDMA in that the multiple user access is achieved by subdividing the available bandwidth into multiple channels that are then allocated to users [3]. OFDM uses the spectrum much more efficiently by spacing the channels much closer together. This is achieved by making all the carriers orthogonal to one another, preventing interference between the closely spaced carriers. OFDM converts a frequency-selective channel into a parallel collection of frequency flat subchannels. The subcarriers have the minimum frequency separation required to maintain orthogonality of their corresponding time domain waveforms. 2. OPTICAL CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (OCDMA) With the help of OCDMA technique, we can combine the gains extracted from CDMA technology and fibers enormous bandwidth, to achieve high-speed seamless connectivity. The last decade has seen huge development in optical based networking, which includes dense optical networking such as Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Code Division Multiple Access. Optical version of these technologies known as OCDMA has left huge impact on the real time networking to satisfy user's needs. Optical CDMA permits various users to access the network resources asynchronously, capability to support flexible data rate and bursty traffic and privacy in communication [4]. The OCDMA network comprises: encoding, decoding, types of codes and nature of codes. Most commonly used codes in communication are bipolar and unipolar. In bipolar type of codes, for the purpose of encoding the data, both negative and positive levels are considered whereas in the case of unipolar scheme only single level i.e. positive level is earmarked. Optical communication systems generally employ unipolar codes because optical power is required to convey the information and the point with optical power is that it can never be made negative. On the other hand RF communication systems generally use the bipolar codes, as voltage levels are used to convey the information and voltage can either be negative or positive [5]. The advantages of Optical CDMA include its easy and smooth functioning and it has emerged as a strong option to ultra-high speed LANs. Here it is never required to have full control over time and frequency components for the communication. In addition to its ability to transmit asynchronously without any overlapping of data, gives it a definite edge over its competitors [6]. Every user channel in OCDMA network is known by an exclusive signature sequence code and as such achieved multiplexing gains are high. As compared to TDMA and WDMA, where the communication capability can only be increased with the increase in total number of time or wavelength channels, OCDMA permits flexibility of network design because here effective code generation decides the number of supported subscribers in a network i.e. approach is soft-limited and hence is more user friendly than TMDA and WDMA.
During the last decade, the renewable power sources such as photovoltaic (PV) modules are growing... more During the last decade, the renewable power sources such as photovoltaic (PV) modules are growing fast as an effective and cheap energy source. It is a crucial issue to integrate PV into the grid. In this paper, a control model for integration of PV system into the grid and the effectiveness of the PI controller in the system under different levels of solar irradiation are presented. An MPPT module with PI control developed in this work that is felicitous for power applications program; however, the problem of integration of PV is that it relies heavily on weather conditions. So, there is a necessity for developing control techniques for grid integration PV system including a method for voltage and current control that stabilises the voltage and current. An MPPT algorithm using DC/DC converter (Boost converter) is applied to make PV arrays to work at maximum power point. Then, the system behaviour and performance are studied. The system stability is also considered when there is a change in solar irradiation or a fault in the system. The simulation results of MATLAB/SIMULINK address that the proposed PI controller has a good performance.
The last few years has seen numerous studies pointing to the IEC61850 as a worthwhile internation... more The last few years has seen numerous studies pointing to the IEC61850 as a worthwhile international standard for substation automation systems. The standard incorporates the use of logical nodes to resolve problems related to interoperability and interchangeability in multi-vendor zone substation systems. The standard also initiated a cost-effective Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messaging technology to replace the traditional copper wiring. This paper provides a synopsis of communication protocols and their development over the time. The authors elucidate core elements of telemetry communications, structures of protocols and the significance of standards for communication protocols within substation automation systems. This paper aims to endorse and publicise the IEC61850 protocol as the latest and improved communication standard opposed to other substation protocols like DNP and Modbus.
In this study, the experimental results of the concentration of E.coli bacteria in water exposed ... more In this study, the experimental results of the concentration of E.coli bacteria in water exposed to magnetic flux density are presented. Water samples were collected from River Njoro, Nakuru County, Kenya. The initial Escherichia coli (E.coli) counts for the samples were obtained using Membrane Filtration techniques. The samples were then exposed to different magnetic flux densities (2mT, 6mT and 10mT) at time intervals of 6 hours and 18 hours for each magnetic flux. Membrane filtration was also done after magnetic treatment of the samples. The data obtained was photographed and presented in tables and bar graphs. The maximum disinfection efficiency was 82.2% for bacteria exposed to a magnetic flux of 10 mT for18 hours. This study proved that magnetic field can be used as inhibitory factor against the E.coli bacteria.
Information and divergence measure are very useful and play an important role in many areas like ... more Information and divergence measure are very useful and play an important role in many areas like as Sensor Networks [11], Testing the order in a Markov chain [12], Risk for binary experiments[13], Region segmentation and estimation [14] etc. In this paper we establish an upper and lower bounds of Relative arithmetic-geometric divergence, Relative J-divergence, Jenson-Shannon's divergence, Triangular discrimination, Unified Relative Jensen-Shannon and arithmetic-geometric divergence of types etc. in terms of Chi-square divergence using a new f-divergence measure and inequalities.
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