The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae strain Ustinov Russia was used on potato foliag... more The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae strain Ustinov Russia was used on potato foliage to control larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Nematodes were applied in formulations of agar at 4%, 2%, 1% and 0.5% concentrations and compared to a control application of nematodes in water for nematode survival. Agar formulation significantly improved efficacy by increasing nematode survival through reduction in desiccation when compared to water-based formulation. More than 70% of infective juvenile nematodes (IJs) died after being incubated in the highest concentration of agar for 12 h, while only 8% mortality was recorded at the 1% concentration. Suspension of nematodes in 1% agar gel was shown to be efficacious in both laboratory and greenhouse tests for extension of the nematodes' survival. Agar formulation droplets dried slower than control droplets by 127.8 min. Leptinotarsa decemlineata mortality significantly increased when insects were exposed to infective juvenile nematodes for four hours after application. In conclusion, the agar formulation enhanced nematode survival by providing a suitable environment thereby delaying dryingand increasing the possibility for nematodes to invade their host on the foliage.
International Journal of NanoScience and Nanotechnology, Aug 1, 2021
The aim of this work was to encapsulate garlic essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs... more The aim of this work was to encapsulate garlic essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to enhance its insecticidal activity against potato tuber moth larvae Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (PTM) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Garlic essential oil loaded into solid lipid nanoparticles (GO-SLNs) was prepared by ultrasonic-solvent emulsification technique, the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of encapsulated oil were determined. The morphology of produced nanocapsules was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical composition of the tested oil free and loaded-SLNs was evaluated using GC/MS analysis. The results showed that the abundance and content of the major phytochemicals did not show significant difference between free and nanoencapsulated oil when analyzed by GC/MS. Laboratory bioassay indicated that GO-SLNs was more effective than free oil on both larval and pupal development as well as it affected the adult longevity. Field-laboratory experiment was conducted to show direct and residual effects of garlic oil free and post loading against the 1 st larval instar of the pest in terms of toxicity and stability. Results showed that GO-SLNs was more stable under field conditions and gave a high percentage of mortality at two concentrations used even after maximum time interval (5 days). Results of this study indicated that nanoformulation of GO-SLNs can be used effectively to control larvae of Ph. operculella.
Pesticides are vastly used for pests monitoring in agriculture and public health fields, causing ... more Pesticides are vastly used for pests monitoring in agriculture and public health fields, causing severe depletion in quality of drinking water. Moreover, most insecticides resist biodegradation and carcinogen even at very low levels up to Parts per billion (ppb). This study was carried during April/2019 and extended to January/ 2020 in Directorate of Environment and Water, Baghdad-Iraq to synthesis and characterization silver bionanoparticles by using Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis extract (biological methods) and investigate this activity on the chlorpyrifos pesticide under laboratory conditions. The silver bionanoparticles were characterized using many techniques, X-ray Diffractometer (XRD Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and zeta potential analyzer spectroscopy. The results of XRD technique confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. AFM analysis revealed that particles were spherical, single or in aggregates. Determination the shafting of active groups sites was performed using FTIR. The zeta potential values were -36.33 mV for AgNPs. The biodegradation of chlorpyrifos using silver bionanoparticles was determined quantitatively using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. From the result, it can be suggested that silver bio-nanoparticles from Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis extracts lead to biodegradation of chlorpyrifos completely without forming harmful products confirmed by GC-MS analysis. We endorse that this process has scientific potential in the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos pesticide contaminated water using Green biosynthesis of nanoparticles.
Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Oct 1, 2010
In laboratory and greenhouse studies, the invading ability, virulence, and mortality caused by St... more In laboratory and greenhouse studies, the invading ability, virulence, and mortality caused by Stinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were compared. After one and two days of exposure to either nematode species, the mortality of Colordo potato beetle (CPB) ...
The effect of nano emulsions, of Garden Cress seed oil Lepidium sativum and its bulk form have be... more The effect of nano emulsions, of Garden Cress seed oil Lepidium sativum and its bulk form have been studied against some biological and biochemical aspects of 5 th instar nymph of Schistocerca gregaria. Topical application of both nano and crude formulations of L. sativum in concentrations of 5 and 10% showed significant elongation of nymphal duration period. Mortality percentages increased as well as nymphal malformations and their unsuccessful molting when compared with control nymphs. Enzymatic activities seemed to be affected by both formulations. Butyryl cholinesterase activity increased significantly as a result of treatments after three days post treatment. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased significantly after 48 hours then decreased after 72 hours when compared with control nymphes. Total protein seemed to be not affected by treatments. Results proved that the topical application of L. sativum nano-formulation and its bulk form on the 5 th nymphal instar of S. gregaria was novel and promised. The results should be taken into consideration for future research.
Suneem oil (1000 ppm) was tested for their efficiency on the digestion and utilization of food ag... more Suneem oil (1000 ppm) was tested for their efficiency on the digestion and utilization of food against 4th and 5th instar larvae of S. littoralis (Boisd.). Larvae offered, after a period of starvation, a normal diet produced first excrements about 2 h later, whereas those receiving suneem oil only 4 h later. Analyses of the fresh and dry weight as well as of the energy contents of the treated larvae, their diets and excrements revealed that the metabolic costs were usually higher, the approximate digestibility (AD) and efficiencies of food conversion were lowered (ECD and ECI). The differences, however, were small and in some cases reversed, indicating that the processing of food stuffs that serve as a source of energy is either unaffected or only slightly affected. Suneem oil clearly suppressed the intake of nitrogen and phosphorus, suggesting that azadirachtin either hampers the hydrolysis of nutrients supplying these two elements, or impairs the resorption of hydrolysis products.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2021
COVID-19 transmission around the world is a very important objective to study the relationship be... more COVID-19 transmission around the world is a very important objective to study the relationship between viral transmission and meteorological parameters in fifty countries representing the six continents according to their diets Diets are a major factor in viral transmissions such as red meat and seafood (oysters, shrimp, and lobster) The results indicated that red meat is the backbone of the Oceanic people's diet, while seafood is an important component of the European diet Red meat and seafood are the two most important components of the diet in North and Central America Meanwhile, field crops and vegetables are the backbones of the diet in Africa and South America Wild red meat and rice are the main components of the Asian diet, especially in Southeast Asia Dry cold conditions increased COVID-19 transmission because it is more stable and survives longer The occurrence of respiratory tract infection was associated with low air maximum and minimum temperatures and the difference between them, and relative humidity, meanwhile the reverse was true for the atmospheric pressure in the six continents Also, the results indicated that confirmed cases and deaths by COVID-19 were positively correlated with red meat consumption in Oceanus and North and Central America only Although confirmed cases were positively correlated with deaths, this correlation did not exist for Europe
Drug discovery for anti-COVID-19 in humans to control COVID-19 infection in human blood and reduc... more Drug discovery for anti-COVID-19 in humans to control COVID-19 infection in human blood and reduce the death rate by using EGYPTONA drug. This study assumes that a patient with COVID-19 should be treated medically by the proposed antiviral drug (EGYPTONA). Iron (Fe2+) – rich foods are the basic reasons for infection with COVID-19. The patient undergoes blood tests to know the level of Fe2+ in the blood, such as "serum ferritin" and "serum transferrin saturation" to check the degree of Fe2+ concentration. Clinical tests must be carried out for the proposed EGYPTONA drug to determine the appropriate concentration of its chemical ingredients since they can eliminate this virus and remove the symptoms resulting from it.
We live on a scale of meters and kilometers (thousands of meters), so it's quite hard for... more We live on a scale of meters and kilometers (thousands of meters), so it's quite hard for us to imagine a world that's too small to see. You've probably looked at amazing photos in science books of things like dust mites and flies photographed with electron microscopes. These powerful scientific instruments make images that are microscopic, which means on a scale millionths of a meter wide. Nanoscopic involves shrinking things down to a whole new level. Nano means "billionth", so a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. In other words, the nanoscale is 1000 times smaller than the microscopic scale and a billion (1000 million) times smaller than the world of meters that we live in. Nanotechnology is a novel scientific approach that involves the use of materials and equipment capable of manipulating physical as well as chemical properties of a substance at molecular levels. On the other hand, bio-technology involves using the knowledge and techniques of biology to manipulate molecular, genetic and cellular processes to develop products and services and is used in diverse fields from medicine to agriculture (Fakruddin et al., 2012).
A new delivery system was used to control the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hub.) (Lepi., Noctui... more A new delivery system was used to control the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hub.) (Lepi., Noctuidae) based on incorporation of geranium essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in a controlled-release formulation using ultrasonic solvent emulsification technique. The morphology of geranium oil nanoparticles after loading (GO-SLNs) was characterized and visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The abundance and percentage content of major components did not show any significant difference between free and nano-encapsulated oil when analyzed by (GC-MS). The results of geranium essential oil bulk form were compared with that of oil post loading solid nanoparticles and tested in the laboratory and field for their efficiency on larval development, pupal mortality and adult longevity. Laboratory bioassay indicated that (GO-SLNs) was more effective on both larval and pupal development as well as the adult longevity and female fecundity accordingly the percentage...
The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae strain Ustinov Russia was used on potato foliag... more The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae strain Ustinov Russia was used on potato foliage to control larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Nematodes were applied in formulations of agar at 4%, 2%, 1% and 0.5% concentrations and compared to a control application of nematodes in water for nematode survival. Agar formulation significantly improved efficacy by increasing nematode survival through reduction in desiccation when compared to water-based formulation. More than 70% of infective juvenile nematodes (IJs) died after being incubated in the highest concentration of agar for 12 h, while only 8% mortality was recorded at the 1% concentration. Suspension of nematodes in 1% agar gel was shown to be efficacious in both laboratory and greenhouse tests for extension of the nematodes' survival. Agar formulation droplets dried slower than control droplets by 127.8 min. Leptinotarsa decemlineata mortality significantly increased when insects were exposed to infective juvenile nematodes for four hours after application. In conclusion, the agar formulation enhanced nematode survival by providing a suitable environment thereby delaying dryingand increasing the possibility for nematodes to invade their host on the foliage.
International Journal of NanoScience and Nanotechnology, Aug 1, 2021
The aim of this work was to encapsulate garlic essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs... more The aim of this work was to encapsulate garlic essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to enhance its insecticidal activity against potato tuber moth larvae Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (PTM) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Garlic essential oil loaded into solid lipid nanoparticles (GO-SLNs) was prepared by ultrasonic-solvent emulsification technique, the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of encapsulated oil were determined. The morphology of produced nanocapsules was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical composition of the tested oil free and loaded-SLNs was evaluated using GC/MS analysis. The results showed that the abundance and content of the major phytochemicals did not show significant difference between free and nanoencapsulated oil when analyzed by GC/MS. Laboratory bioassay indicated that GO-SLNs was more effective than free oil on both larval and pupal development as well as it affected the adult longevity. Field-laboratory experiment was conducted to show direct and residual effects of garlic oil free and post loading against the 1 st larval instar of the pest in terms of toxicity and stability. Results showed that GO-SLNs was more stable under field conditions and gave a high percentage of mortality at two concentrations used even after maximum time interval (5 days). Results of this study indicated that nanoformulation of GO-SLNs can be used effectively to control larvae of Ph. operculella.
Pesticides are vastly used for pests monitoring in agriculture and public health fields, causing ... more Pesticides are vastly used for pests monitoring in agriculture and public health fields, causing severe depletion in quality of drinking water. Moreover, most insecticides resist biodegradation and carcinogen even at very low levels up to Parts per billion (ppb). This study was carried during April/2019 and extended to January/ 2020 in Directorate of Environment and Water, Baghdad-Iraq to synthesis and characterization silver bionanoparticles by using Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis extract (biological methods) and investigate this activity on the chlorpyrifos pesticide under laboratory conditions. The silver bionanoparticles were characterized using many techniques, X-ray Diffractometer (XRD Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and zeta potential analyzer spectroscopy. The results of XRD technique confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. AFM analysis revealed that particles were spherical, single or in aggregates. Determination the shafting of active groups sites was performed using FTIR. The zeta potential values were -36.33 mV for AgNPs. The biodegradation of chlorpyrifos using silver bionanoparticles was determined quantitatively using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. From the result, it can be suggested that silver bio-nanoparticles from Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis extracts lead to biodegradation of chlorpyrifos completely without forming harmful products confirmed by GC-MS analysis. We endorse that this process has scientific potential in the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos pesticide contaminated water using Green biosynthesis of nanoparticles.
Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Oct 1, 2010
In laboratory and greenhouse studies, the invading ability, virulence, and mortality caused by St... more In laboratory and greenhouse studies, the invading ability, virulence, and mortality caused by Stinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were compared. After one and two days of exposure to either nematode species, the mortality of Colordo potato beetle (CPB) ...
The effect of nano emulsions, of Garden Cress seed oil Lepidium sativum and its bulk form have be... more The effect of nano emulsions, of Garden Cress seed oil Lepidium sativum and its bulk form have been studied against some biological and biochemical aspects of 5 th instar nymph of Schistocerca gregaria. Topical application of both nano and crude formulations of L. sativum in concentrations of 5 and 10% showed significant elongation of nymphal duration period. Mortality percentages increased as well as nymphal malformations and their unsuccessful molting when compared with control nymphs. Enzymatic activities seemed to be affected by both formulations. Butyryl cholinesterase activity increased significantly as a result of treatments after three days post treatment. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased significantly after 48 hours then decreased after 72 hours when compared with control nymphes. Total protein seemed to be not affected by treatments. Results proved that the topical application of L. sativum nano-formulation and its bulk form on the 5 th nymphal instar of S. gregaria was novel and promised. The results should be taken into consideration for future research.
Suneem oil (1000 ppm) was tested for their efficiency on the digestion and utilization of food ag... more Suneem oil (1000 ppm) was tested for their efficiency on the digestion and utilization of food against 4th and 5th instar larvae of S. littoralis (Boisd.). Larvae offered, after a period of starvation, a normal diet produced first excrements about 2 h later, whereas those receiving suneem oil only 4 h later. Analyses of the fresh and dry weight as well as of the energy contents of the treated larvae, their diets and excrements revealed that the metabolic costs were usually higher, the approximate digestibility (AD) and efficiencies of food conversion were lowered (ECD and ECI). The differences, however, were small and in some cases reversed, indicating that the processing of food stuffs that serve as a source of energy is either unaffected or only slightly affected. Suneem oil clearly suppressed the intake of nitrogen and phosphorus, suggesting that azadirachtin either hampers the hydrolysis of nutrients supplying these two elements, or impairs the resorption of hydrolysis products.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2021
COVID-19 transmission around the world is a very important objective to study the relationship be... more COVID-19 transmission around the world is a very important objective to study the relationship between viral transmission and meteorological parameters in fifty countries representing the six continents according to their diets Diets are a major factor in viral transmissions such as red meat and seafood (oysters, shrimp, and lobster) The results indicated that red meat is the backbone of the Oceanic people's diet, while seafood is an important component of the European diet Red meat and seafood are the two most important components of the diet in North and Central America Meanwhile, field crops and vegetables are the backbones of the diet in Africa and South America Wild red meat and rice are the main components of the Asian diet, especially in Southeast Asia Dry cold conditions increased COVID-19 transmission because it is more stable and survives longer The occurrence of respiratory tract infection was associated with low air maximum and minimum temperatures and the difference between them, and relative humidity, meanwhile the reverse was true for the atmospheric pressure in the six continents Also, the results indicated that confirmed cases and deaths by COVID-19 were positively correlated with red meat consumption in Oceanus and North and Central America only Although confirmed cases were positively correlated with deaths, this correlation did not exist for Europe
Drug discovery for anti-COVID-19 in humans to control COVID-19 infection in human blood and reduc... more Drug discovery for anti-COVID-19 in humans to control COVID-19 infection in human blood and reduce the death rate by using EGYPTONA drug. This study assumes that a patient with COVID-19 should be treated medically by the proposed antiviral drug (EGYPTONA). Iron (Fe2+) – rich foods are the basic reasons for infection with COVID-19. The patient undergoes blood tests to know the level of Fe2+ in the blood, such as "serum ferritin" and "serum transferrin saturation" to check the degree of Fe2+ concentration. Clinical tests must be carried out for the proposed EGYPTONA drug to determine the appropriate concentration of its chemical ingredients since they can eliminate this virus and remove the symptoms resulting from it.
We live on a scale of meters and kilometers (thousands of meters), so it's quite hard for... more We live on a scale of meters and kilometers (thousands of meters), so it's quite hard for us to imagine a world that's too small to see. You've probably looked at amazing photos in science books of things like dust mites and flies photographed with electron microscopes. These powerful scientific instruments make images that are microscopic, which means on a scale millionths of a meter wide. Nanoscopic involves shrinking things down to a whole new level. Nano means "billionth", so a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. In other words, the nanoscale is 1000 times smaller than the microscopic scale and a billion (1000 million) times smaller than the world of meters that we live in. Nanotechnology is a novel scientific approach that involves the use of materials and equipment capable of manipulating physical as well as chemical properties of a substance at molecular levels. On the other hand, bio-technology involves using the knowledge and techniques of biology to manipulate molecular, genetic and cellular processes to develop products and services and is used in diverse fields from medicine to agriculture (Fakruddin et al., 2012).
A new delivery system was used to control the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hub.) (Lepi., Noctui... more A new delivery system was used to control the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hub.) (Lepi., Noctuidae) based on incorporation of geranium essential oil into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in a controlled-release formulation using ultrasonic solvent emulsification technique. The morphology of geranium oil nanoparticles after loading (GO-SLNs) was characterized and visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The abundance and percentage content of major components did not show any significant difference between free and nano-encapsulated oil when analyzed by (GC-MS). The results of geranium essential oil bulk form were compared with that of oil post loading solid nanoparticles and tested in the laboratory and field for their efficiency on larval development, pupal mortality and adult longevity. Laboratory bioassay indicated that (GO-SLNs) was more effective on both larval and pupal development as well as the adult longevity and female fecundity accordingly the percentage...
We live on a scale of meters and kilometers (thousands of meters), so it's
quite hard for us to i... more We live on a scale of meters and kilometers (thousands of meters), so it's quite hard for us to imagine a world that's too small to see. You've probably looked at amazing photos in science books of things like dust mites and flies photographed with electron microscopes. These powerful scientific instruments make images that are microscopic, which means on a scale millionths of a meter wide. Nanoscopic involves shrinking things down to a whole new level. Nano means "billionth", so a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. In other words, the nanoscale is 1000 times smaller than the microscopic scale and a billion (1000 million) times smaller than the world of meters that we live in. Nanotechnology is a novel scientific approach that involves the use of materials and equipment capable of manipulating physical as well as chemical properties of a substance at molecular levels. On the other hand, bio-technology involves using the knowledge and techniques of biology to manipulate molecular, genetic and cellular processes to develop products and services and is used in diverse fields from medicine to agriculture (Fakruddin et al., 2012).
Solanum Tuberosum البطاطس، محصول درني من الخضراوات اسمھ العلمي
قدیما في جبال الأندیز.. وتمت زراع... more Solanum Tuberosum البطاطس، محصول درني من الخضراوات اسمھ العلمي
قدیما في جبال الأندیز.. وتمت زراعتھ الأولى في دولة بیرو في أمریكا اللاتینیة منذ أكثر من ستة
آلاف عام مضت.ومن العجیب أن یظل ھذا المحصول حكرا على دول أمریكا اللاتینیة حتى بدایة
القرن السادس عشر، حیث تم نقل شتلاتھ إلى أوروبا عبر البحارة الإسبان وزراعتھ في جزر
الكناري عام 1573 ، وفي غضون أقل من قرن من الزمان تمت زراعتھ في إیرلندا وروسیا ودول
شرق أوروبا وتم أیضا انتشار زراعتھ بسرعة في المستعمرات الأوروبیة في آسیا وإفریقیا
وأسترالیا عبر التجار البرتغالیین والھولندیین وغیرھم، وتعد البطاطس في الوقت الراھن الغذاء
الرئیسي للسكان في دول العالم كافة دون استثناء.
یبلغ إجمالي المساحة المزروعة لمحصول البطاطس في مجموعة الدول العربیة نحو 420
ألف ھكتار تنتج ما یعادل تسعة ملایین طن، ومن الدول المنتجة لھا مصر والجزائر والمغرب. وتعد
مصر على قمة الدول العربیة المنتجة والمصدرة لمحصول البطاطس. أما بالنسبة لغالبیة الدول
العربیة فھي دول مستوردة للمنتجات المصنعة والمجمدة والتقاوي، مع العلم أن معدل الاستھلاك
للفرد العربي في حدود 40 كیلو جراما سنویا. وھذا الرقم في كل الحالات یزید على معدل استھلاك
الفرد على المستوى العالمي والذي یقدر في الوقت الراھن بنحو 25 كیلو جراما سنویا
% والخلاصة، أن ھناك العدید من الشواھد تؤكد زیادة الطلب على محصول البطاطس بمعدل 4
سنویا في الدول النامیة والتي ینظر إلیھا باعتبارھا الكنز المفقود الذي یحل مشكلة الجوع في
المرحلة المقبلة بعد النقص الحاد من الغذاء العالمي من الحبوب. ومن ثم فإن ھناك ضرورة ملحة
لتوجیھ البحوث العلمیة لزیادة إنتاجیة محصول البطاطس في تلك الدول حتى یمكن التصدي
لظاھرة الفقر فیھا.
ومحصول البطاطس ھو أحد المحاصیل الھامة من الناحیة الغذائیة حیث یشغل الترتیب
الرابع بعد القمح والذرة والأرز والترتیب الأول فى إنتاج الطاقة والثانى فى إنتاج البروتینات بعد
وفى جمھوریة مصر العربیة فالبطاطس تعتبر من . FAOSTAT data, فول الصویا 2006
محاصیل الخضر الرئیسیة فى مصر وتأتى فى المرتبة الثانیة بعد الطماطم من حیث المساحة
ولكنھا تعتبر محصول الخضر الاول تصدیریا والتى تنتشر زراعتھا تحت ظروف بیئیة متباینة حیث
یزرع منھا سنویاً ما یقرب على 200 ألف فداناً سنویاً . كما ان البطاطس تحتل المركز الأول بین
محاصیل الخضر التصدیریة فى مصر حیث ارتفع متوسط كمیات البطاطس المصدرة خلال عام
2004 خاصة للأسواق الأوروبیة فبلغ اجمالى البطاطس المصدرة الطازجة 380 الف طن
وتبلغ كمیة التقاوى .(FAOSTAT data, ومنتجات البطاطس المجمدة 18 الف طن ( 2008
المستخدمة فى مصر سنویاً لزراعة المواسم الزراعیة الثلاث حوالى 250 ألف طن أو التصنیع
25 كجم من - 1.5 ملیون طن ھذا ویبلغ متوسط استھلاك الفرد فى مصر حوالى 20 - حوالى 1.2
البطاطس سنویاً.
وتصاب البطاطس بآفات حشریة مختلفة تسبب أضراراً كبیرة للمحصول نتیجة تغذیة ھذه الآفات
وما تنقلھ من أمراض تؤثر على سلامة ونمو محصول البطاطس وتؤدى إلى قلة وحجم وكمیة
ونوعیة المحصول وتؤدي شدة الإصابة بالآفات الحشریة إلى أن یصبح المحصول غیر قابل
للتسویق أو قلیل العائد لانخفاض قیمتھ ورداءة نوعھ .و من ھنا جاءت اھمیة البحث عن وسائل
امنھ لمكافحة تلك الافات بعیدة عن استخدام المبیدات الكیماویة لما لھا من اضرار كبیرة على البیئة
و الانسان و الحیوان وھذا كان من اھم الاھداف الرئیسیة لھذا المشروع .
The Green Revolution of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s demonstrated the potential of science and tech... more The Green Revolution of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s demonstrated the potential of science and technology to contribute to agricultural development, food security and economic growth in poor and predominantly agrarian countries as well as rich industrial countries. The benefits reached many of the world’s poorest people and the proportion of the population that is undernourished in developing countries declined from 40% in 1960 to 17% in 2000.While this was a great accomplishment, further research and development clearly needs to be done to better feed those that remain undernourished. And, since agro-ecosystems are not static but rather are continually evolving, considerable research and development is needed to maintain the productivity gains already achieved and to do so through farming practices that are more sustainable and leave a much smaller environmental footprint than current practices. Research to reduce crop losses caused by insect pests and pathogens has made and will continue to make important contributions toward the necessary increases in yield, productivity and sustainability.
This book reviews the potential for integrating, and thereby strengthening, some insect pest control technologies that have each already made significant contributions to reducing both crop losses and insecticide use in many countries. Integrated pest management (IPM) was developed as an insect control strategy in part due to the failure of insecticides to keep insect pests under control in addition that destroyed the balance between the plant, herbivores and their natural enemies(tri-trophic relationship). For some crops, inordinate insecticide applications had resulted in development of insects resistant to insecticides, emergence of new pests that were worse than those being targeted, increasing crop losses and negative environmental impacts. IPM has gone a long way in solving these problems by utilizing a collection of pest monitoring and control strategies designed to maintain pest populations below levels causing economic loss. This almost always includes genetic host plant resistance combined with biological control, cultural methods, behavioral methods and farmer knowledge. Effective IPM strategies have now been developed for many crops, including those that feed the developing world, and further improvements are continually being made.
Plant-herbivore interactions, trophic cascades, and tritrophic relationships are nonrandom associations that have been the subject of much interest among evolutionary and ecological entomologists. Issues such as evolutionary pathways of plant-insect relationships, chemical mechanisms responsible for these relationships, and their population-, community-, and ecosystem-level consequences have captivated researchers' interest not only for their basic ecological implications, but also for their importance in applied areas such as biological control.
The book reviews the potential for integrating, some insect pest control technologies that have each already made significant contributions to reducing both crop losses and insecticide use in many countries. Several chapters in this book present evidence indicating that it should be possible to integrate using this tri-trophic realationship between plant, herbivore and natural enemey in right way to make important contributions toward the necessary increases in yield, productivity and sustainability. Induced plant responses and their effects on herbivores have been demonstrated across a broad range of plant and animal taxa. These reactions are often more complex than simple generalised wound responses, and are frequently induced by specific elicitors associated with insects or pathogens. The effects of induced responses on herbivores have been categorised as direct or indirect depending on their mechanism. Direct induced defences affect herbivore development negatively by reducing the quality of the plant as a food source ( Karban & Myers 1989), while indirect defences enhance performance of the herbivore's natural enemies.
This book shied light on the direct and indirect impacts of induction can alter both behaviour and development. These components have been well described separately, but little is known about the net effects on herbivores and parasitoids, at either the individual fitness or population levels. While most researchers agree that multiple effects are important, the ecological and evolutionary interpretations ascribed to induced plant responses vary, and the overall significance of these responses to plant fitness remains unclear ( Hunter & Schultz 1993). Thus, a more inclusive approach could improve interpretations of the ecological and evolutionary significance of inducible responses.
Direct effects of induced plant responses on herbivores have received the most attention. Physiological changes following actual or simulated feeding by herbivores have been shown to reduce the quality of plant tissue for subsequent feeding. Such changes can affect either the herbivore eliciting the response (short-term induction), or subsequent herbivore generations or species (long-term induction). The view that induced responses benefit plants directly through impacts on the herbivore is supported by examples of genetic feedback between the plant and the herbivore, the commonality of defences against herbivores and pathogens, and the complication that relying on natural enemy abundance can be risky and unpredictable. Early interpretations of how induced responses could benefit plants indirectly emphasised the possibility that prolonged herbivore development could increase exposure to natural enemies. More studies that are recent have emphasised the attractiveness of induced plant allelochemicals to parasitoids and predators.
In general, as the suitability of a host plant for herbivore development declines, so does the developmental performance of associated parasitoids. Decreased suitability of plants due to induction may have similar effects on parasitoids.
A thorough understanding of tritrophic interactions should incorporate the potentially opposing effects of inducible plant responses on the behavioural and developmental success of parasitoids and herbivores. Such information could provide further insight into the role of induction on insect population dynamics, plant–insect coevolution, and the efficacy of biological control programmes.
This book is organized in introductory chapters and the seven chapters separated, that emphasize the resources provided by plants, as well as the evolutionary ecology of plant-insect interactions. The first chapter of this book provides a comprehensive review of the physical and chemical characteristics of different types of plant-provided food as well as the factors that can affect their suitability for omnivores. Chapters five and six deal with effect of UV and co2 as environmental factors on the tritrophic relationship. While the last chapter was given information about the risk assessment of GM crops introduced in environment and how much will effect on these two items of tritrophic relationship and provides much of the information needed to critically evaluate the potential use of food supplements to increase the effectiveness of parasitoids in suppressing prey populations.
Stored products include all durable agricultural commodities that
can be dried and stored in bul... more Stored products include all durable agricultural commodities that
can be dried and stored in bulk, such as cereal grains, flour, oil
seeds, legumes, nuts, dried fruits, animal products, and packaged,
baked or processed foods. Of these, cereal grains make up the
majority of commodities maintained in storage, and represent an
important component of the world food supply. Recent post
harvest losses have been estimated at $5 billion per year in the U.S.
(mainly due to insects and microbes, which usually work in
concert), with these being proportionally higher in developing
countries. Insecticides can be used to protect grain, but few are
labelled for use on grain, and insects are evolving resistance to
some of these. Early attempts to control stored grain pests relied
on methods such as mixing dry soil and wood ash with the grain
causing lethal dehydration of insects, and the fumigant action of
certain plant material (Levinson and Levinson, 1998). Researchers
at universities and government agencies are looking for
alternatives to chemical pesticides (including biological controls
and microbial control Salama et al 1996, Abdel –Razek 1998 and
Abdel –Razek et al 1999) for grain protection and to develop
methods of Integrated Pest Management for stored product.
Common storage insect pests include the Indian meal moth
and Mediterranean flour moth that infest grains, flours, animal
feed, and people's pantries; red and confused flour beetles in the
genus Tribolium, together with saw-toothed and flat grain beetles
in the genera Oryzaephilus and Cryptolestes, that are found in
many grain products; and the more serious internal grain feeders
such as rice, maize and granary weevils in the genus Sitophilus,
and the lesser and larger grain borers, bostrichid beetles that riddle
stored grains with their tunnelling activities.
In addition it is important to know that there are important pest as
other than insects which attack stored product and causes great
damage, the rodent and birds are the major vertebrate pests of
stored product.
خلال السنوات القليلة الماضية , برز إلى الأضواء مصطلح جديد ألقى بثقله على العالم وأصبح محط الاهتما... more خلال السنوات القليلة الماضية , برز إلى الأضواء مصطلح جديد ألقى بثقله على العالم وأصبح محط الاهتمام بشكل كبير , هذا المصطلح هو تقنية النانو أو كما يسميه البعض بتكنولوجيا النانو. وهذه التقنية الواعدة تبشر بقفزة هائلة في جميع فروع العلم , ويرى المتفائلون أنها ستلقي بظلالها على كافة مجالات الطب الحديث و الاقتصاد العالمي و العلاقات الدولية وحتى الحياة اليومية للفرد العادي.
زيارة لاحدى الشركات التى تعمل على تخزين وتعبئة الحبوب و يظهر التخزين السئ للحبوب و اسباب الاصابة... more زيارة لاحدى الشركات التى تعمل على تخزين وتعبئة الحبوب و يظهر التخزين السئ للحبوب و اسباب الاصابة بالافات كما تم تقديم بعض الطرق و الاساليب السريعة لعلاج هذه المشكلة على اساس علمى سليم
It is important to know about how much stored foods the several rodent species may consume daily,... more It is important to know about how much stored foods the several rodent species may consume daily, and, sometimes, the amounts eaten in a year, so this can be related to the amounts of stored foods at risk.
أن تصدیر واستیراد المواد الغذائیة أصبح من الضروریات ، لذلك فلابد من الحفاظ علي المنتج
سلیما وخال... more أن تصدیر واستیراد المواد الغذائیة أصبح من الضروریات ، لذلك فلابد من الحفاظ علي المنتج
سلیما وخالیا من الإصابات الحشریة ومن ھنا ظھرت مشكلة التخزین ومشكلة آفات الحبوب
والمواد المخزونة والتي أصبحت خطرا قومیا جسیما وأصبحت حشرات المخازن تسبب فقدا في
المواد المخزونة یقدر بحوالي ١٥ % من الإنتاج . لذلك فإن مكافحتھا أصبحت أمرا مھما لأن في
ذلك الحفاظ علي ممتلكات الإنسان وغذائھ وكسائھ وأثاث منزلھ.
وقد یترتب علي التخزین غیر الجید للمواد المخزونة فقد لكثیر من الحبوب وخفض قیمتھا الغذائیة
وتعرضھا للإصابة لیس بحشرات المخازن وحدھا ولكن بالفئران والطیور والكائنات الحیة الدقیقة
كما تتأثر صفاتھا بفعل الحرارة والرطوبة بالمخزن.
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Papers by manal adel
quite hard for us to imagine a world that's too small to see. You've probably
looked at amazing photos in science books of things like dust mites and flies
photographed with electron microscopes. These powerful scientific instruments
make images that are microscopic, which means on a scale millionths of a meter
wide. Nanoscopic involves shrinking things down to a whole new level. Nano
means "billionth", so a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. In other words, the
nanoscale is 1000 times smaller than the microscopic scale and a billion (1000
million) times smaller than the world of meters that we live in.
Nanotechnology is a novel scientific approach that involves the use of
materials and equipment capable of manipulating physical as well as chemical
properties of a substance at molecular levels. On the other hand, bio-technology
involves using the knowledge and techniques of biology to manipulate
molecular, genetic and cellular processes to develop products and services and
is used in diverse fields from medicine to agriculture (Fakruddin et al., 2012).
قدیما في جبال الأندیز.. وتمت زراعتھ الأولى في دولة بیرو في أمریكا اللاتینیة منذ أكثر من ستة
آلاف عام مضت.ومن العجیب أن یظل ھذا المحصول حكرا على دول أمریكا اللاتینیة حتى بدایة
القرن السادس عشر، حیث تم نقل شتلاتھ إلى أوروبا عبر البحارة الإسبان وزراعتھ في جزر
الكناري عام 1573 ، وفي غضون أقل من قرن من الزمان تمت زراعتھ في إیرلندا وروسیا ودول
شرق أوروبا وتم أیضا انتشار زراعتھ بسرعة في المستعمرات الأوروبیة في آسیا وإفریقیا
وأسترالیا عبر التجار البرتغالیین والھولندیین وغیرھم، وتعد البطاطس في الوقت الراھن الغذاء
الرئیسي للسكان في دول العالم كافة دون استثناء.
یبلغ إجمالي المساحة المزروعة لمحصول البطاطس في مجموعة الدول العربیة نحو 420
ألف ھكتار تنتج ما یعادل تسعة ملایین طن، ومن الدول المنتجة لھا مصر والجزائر والمغرب. وتعد
مصر على قمة الدول العربیة المنتجة والمصدرة لمحصول البطاطس. أما بالنسبة لغالبیة الدول
العربیة فھي دول مستوردة للمنتجات المصنعة والمجمدة والتقاوي، مع العلم أن معدل الاستھلاك
للفرد العربي في حدود 40 كیلو جراما سنویا. وھذا الرقم في كل الحالات یزید على معدل استھلاك
الفرد على المستوى العالمي والذي یقدر في الوقت الراھن بنحو 25 كیلو جراما سنویا
% والخلاصة، أن ھناك العدید من الشواھد تؤكد زیادة الطلب على محصول البطاطس بمعدل 4
سنویا في الدول النامیة والتي ینظر إلیھا باعتبارھا الكنز المفقود الذي یحل مشكلة الجوع في
المرحلة المقبلة بعد النقص الحاد من الغذاء العالمي من الحبوب. ومن ثم فإن ھناك ضرورة ملحة
لتوجیھ البحوث العلمیة لزیادة إنتاجیة محصول البطاطس في تلك الدول حتى یمكن التصدي
لظاھرة الفقر فیھا.
ومحصول البطاطس ھو أحد المحاصیل الھامة من الناحیة الغذائیة حیث یشغل الترتیب
الرابع بعد القمح والذرة والأرز والترتیب الأول فى إنتاج الطاقة والثانى فى إنتاج البروتینات بعد
وفى جمھوریة مصر العربیة فالبطاطس تعتبر من . FAOSTAT data, فول الصویا 2006
محاصیل الخضر الرئیسیة فى مصر وتأتى فى المرتبة الثانیة بعد الطماطم من حیث المساحة
ولكنھا تعتبر محصول الخضر الاول تصدیریا والتى تنتشر زراعتھا تحت ظروف بیئیة متباینة حیث
یزرع منھا سنویاً ما یقرب على 200 ألف فداناً سنویاً . كما ان البطاطس تحتل المركز الأول بین
محاصیل الخضر التصدیریة فى مصر حیث ارتفع متوسط كمیات البطاطس المصدرة خلال عام
2004 خاصة للأسواق الأوروبیة فبلغ اجمالى البطاطس المصدرة الطازجة 380 الف طن
وتبلغ كمیة التقاوى .(FAOSTAT data, ومنتجات البطاطس المجمدة 18 الف طن ( 2008
المستخدمة فى مصر سنویاً لزراعة المواسم الزراعیة الثلاث حوالى 250 ألف طن أو التصنیع
25 كجم من - 1.5 ملیون طن ھذا ویبلغ متوسط استھلاك الفرد فى مصر حوالى 20 - حوالى 1.2
البطاطس سنویاً.
وتصاب البطاطس بآفات حشریة مختلفة تسبب أضراراً كبیرة للمحصول نتیجة تغذیة ھذه الآفات
وما تنقلھ من أمراض تؤثر على سلامة ونمو محصول البطاطس وتؤدى إلى قلة وحجم وكمیة
ونوعیة المحصول وتؤدي شدة الإصابة بالآفات الحشریة إلى أن یصبح المحصول غیر قابل
للتسویق أو قلیل العائد لانخفاض قیمتھ ورداءة نوعھ .و من ھنا جاءت اھمیة البحث عن وسائل
امنھ لمكافحة تلك الافات بعیدة عن استخدام المبیدات الكیماویة لما لھا من اضرار كبیرة على البیئة
و الانسان و الحیوان وھذا كان من اھم الاھداف الرئیسیة لھذا المشروع .
This book reviews the potential for integrating, and thereby strengthening, some insect pest control technologies that have each already made significant contributions to reducing both crop losses and insecticide use in many countries. Integrated pest management (IPM) was developed as an insect control strategy in part due to the failure of insecticides to keep insect pests under control in addition that destroyed the balance between the plant, herbivores and their natural enemies(tri-trophic relationship). For some crops, inordinate insecticide applications had resulted in development of insects resistant to insecticides, emergence of new pests that were worse than those being targeted, increasing crop losses and negative environmental impacts. IPM has gone a long way in solving these problems by utilizing a collection of pest monitoring and control strategies designed to maintain pest populations below levels causing economic loss. This almost always includes genetic host plant resistance combined with biological control, cultural methods, behavioral methods and farmer knowledge. Effective IPM strategies have now been developed for many crops, including those that feed the developing world, and further improvements are continually being made.
Plant-herbivore interactions, trophic cascades, and tritrophic relationships are nonrandom associations that have been the subject of much interest among evolutionary and ecological entomologists. Issues such as evolutionary pathways of plant-insect relationships, chemical mechanisms responsible for these relationships, and their population-, community-, and ecosystem-level consequences have captivated researchers' interest not only for their basic ecological implications, but also for their importance in applied areas such as biological control.
The book reviews the potential for integrating, some insect pest control technologies that have each already made significant contributions to reducing both crop losses and insecticide use in many countries. Several chapters in this book present evidence indicating that it should be possible to integrate using this tri-trophic realationship between plant, herbivore and natural enemey in right way to make important contributions toward the necessary increases in yield, productivity and sustainability. Induced plant responses and their effects on herbivores have been demonstrated across a broad range of plant and animal taxa. These reactions are often more complex than simple generalised wound responses, and are frequently induced by specific elicitors associated with insects or pathogens. The effects of induced responses on herbivores have been categorised as direct or indirect depending on their mechanism. Direct induced defences affect herbivore development negatively by reducing the quality of the plant as a food source ( Karban & Myers 1989), while indirect defences enhance performance of the herbivore's natural enemies.
This book shied light on the direct and indirect impacts of induction can alter both behaviour and development. These components have been well described separately, but little is known about the net effects on herbivores and parasitoids, at either the individual fitness or population levels. While most researchers agree that multiple effects are important, the ecological and evolutionary interpretations ascribed to induced plant responses vary, and the overall significance of these responses to plant fitness remains unclear ( Hunter & Schultz 1993). Thus, a more inclusive approach could improve interpretations of the ecological and evolutionary significance of inducible responses.
Direct effects of induced plant responses on herbivores have received the most attention. Physiological changes following actual or simulated feeding by herbivores have been shown to reduce the quality of plant tissue for subsequent feeding. Such changes can affect either the herbivore eliciting the response (short-term induction), or subsequent herbivore generations or species (long-term induction). The view that induced responses benefit plants directly through impacts on the herbivore is supported by examples of genetic feedback between the plant and the herbivore, the commonality of defences against herbivores and pathogens, and the complication that relying on natural enemy abundance can be risky and unpredictable. Early interpretations of how induced responses could benefit plants indirectly emphasised the possibility that prolonged herbivore development could increase exposure to natural enemies. More studies that are recent have emphasised the attractiveness of induced plant allelochemicals to parasitoids and predators.
In general, as the suitability of a host plant for herbivore development declines, so does the developmental performance of associated parasitoids. Decreased suitability of plants due to induction may have similar effects on parasitoids.
A thorough understanding of tritrophic interactions should incorporate the potentially opposing effects of inducible plant responses on the behavioural and developmental success of parasitoids and herbivores. Such information could provide further insight into the role of induction on insect population dynamics, plant–insect coevolution, and the efficacy of biological control programmes.
This book is organized in introductory chapters and the seven chapters separated, that emphasize the resources provided by plants, as well as the evolutionary ecology of plant-insect interactions. The first chapter of this book provides a comprehensive review of the physical and chemical characteristics of different types of plant-provided food as well as the factors that can affect their suitability for omnivores. Chapters five and six deal with effect of UV and co2 as environmental factors on the tritrophic relationship. While the last chapter was given information about the risk assessment of GM crops introduced in environment and how much will effect on these two items of tritrophic relationship and provides much of the information needed to critically evaluate the potential use of food supplements to increase the effectiveness of parasitoids in suppressing prey populations.
can be dried and stored in bulk, such as cereal grains, flour, oil
seeds, legumes, nuts, dried fruits, animal products, and packaged,
baked or processed foods. Of these, cereal grains make up the
majority of commodities maintained in storage, and represent an
important component of the world food supply. Recent post
harvest losses have been estimated at $5 billion per year in the U.S.
(mainly due to insects and microbes, which usually work in
concert), with these being proportionally higher in developing
countries. Insecticides can be used to protect grain, but few are
labelled for use on grain, and insects are evolving resistance to
some of these. Early attempts to control stored grain pests relied
on methods such as mixing dry soil and wood ash with the grain
causing lethal dehydration of insects, and the fumigant action of
certain plant material (Levinson and Levinson, 1998). Researchers
at universities and government agencies are looking for
alternatives to chemical pesticides (including biological controls
and microbial control Salama et al 1996, Abdel –Razek 1998 and
Abdel –Razek et al 1999) for grain protection and to develop
methods of Integrated Pest Management for stored product.
Common storage insect pests include the Indian meal moth
and Mediterranean flour moth that infest grains, flours, animal
feed, and people's pantries; red and confused flour beetles in the
genus Tribolium, together with saw-toothed and flat grain beetles
in the genera Oryzaephilus and Cryptolestes, that are found in
many grain products; and the more serious internal grain feeders
such as rice, maize and granary weevils in the genus Sitophilus,
and the lesser and larger grain borers, bostrichid beetles that riddle
stored grains with their tunnelling activities.
In addition it is important to know that there are important pest as
other than insects which attack stored product and causes great
damage, the rodent and birds are the major vertebrate pests of
stored product.
وهذه التقنية الواعدة تبشر بقفزة هائلة في جميع فروع العلم , ويرى المتفائلون أنها ستلقي بظلالها على كافة مجالات الطب الحديث و الاقتصاد العالمي و العلاقات الدولية وحتى الحياة اليومية للفرد العادي.
سلیما وخالیا من الإصابات الحشریة ومن ھنا ظھرت مشكلة التخزین ومشكلة آفات الحبوب
والمواد المخزونة والتي أصبحت خطرا قومیا جسیما وأصبحت حشرات المخازن تسبب فقدا في
المواد المخزونة یقدر بحوالي ١٥ % من الإنتاج . لذلك فإن مكافحتھا أصبحت أمرا مھما لأن في
ذلك الحفاظ علي ممتلكات الإنسان وغذائھ وكسائھ وأثاث منزلھ.
وقد یترتب علي التخزین غیر الجید للمواد المخزونة فقد لكثیر من الحبوب وخفض قیمتھا الغذائیة
وتعرضھا للإصابة لیس بحشرات المخازن وحدھا ولكن بالفئران والطیور والكائنات الحیة الدقیقة
كما تتأثر صفاتھا بفعل الحرارة والرطوبة بالمخزن.