The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dominant and non-dominant mental practic... more The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dominant and non-dominant mental practice on Badminton's backhand short service. A total of 20 girls aged 12-14 years old from the city of Goldasht were selected and purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups. Both training groups trained in 30 sessions, in which 50 performance were made to visualize the skill of the service mentally. In order to compare the two groups, the mixed ANOVA and Bonferron's post hoc test were used. Comparing the between-group, the results showed that mental practice with dominant hands was not significant in dynamic environment and interactive exercise, but subjective exercise was significantly (P <0.05). No significant results were obtained in the within group comparison, but given the low effectiveness, it seems that the difference between the two groups is very close to meaning. Research findings suggest that coaches and teachers of interactive practice can benefit from less-than-lateral mental practice to improve the performance of their athletes in training sessions.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Feb 1, 2020
Introduction: Autism spectrum disorders are of neuro-developmental conditions with the most preva... more Introduction: Autism spectrum disorders are of neuro-developmental conditions with the most prevalence among the children during recent years. Children with autism spectrum disorders usually have mobility problems in balance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of active video game on static and dynamic balance in children with autism spectrum disorders. Materials and Methods: This was a semi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design and control group. 16 children with autism spectrum disorders, aged 6-10 years, were selected and after pretest of static and dynamic balance, randomly assigned to two equal groups of experimental and control. Experimental group received its respective intervention program [athletics, bowling, and boxing as video game (Xbox Kinect)] 2 sessions a week, lasting 45 minutes, over an 8-week period. Control group performed their daily activities. Modified stork test to measure static balance and walking heel to toe test were used to measure dynamic balance. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test with significance level of less than 0.05. Results: Significant differences were found between control and experimental groups in static (P = 0.001) and dynamic (P = 0.001) balance. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that active video game may bring benefits on static and dynamic balance in children with autism spectrum disorders. Therefore, in order to develop balance in children with autism spectrum disorders, the use of active video game is suggested.
Background & purpose Afferent input from the sole affects postural stability. Cutaneous reflexes ... more Background & purpose Afferent input from the sole affects postural stability. Cutaneous reflexes from the foot are important to posture and gait. Lower-limb afferents alone provide enough information to maintain upright stance and are critical in perceiving postural sway. Altered feedback from propreoceptive receptors alters gait and patterns of muscle activation. The position and posture of the foot and ankle may also play an important role in proprioceptive input.Therefore, the current research aims to compare static balance and ankle and knee proprioception in people with and without flexible flatfeet. Methodology 91 female students between the ages of 18 and 25 voluntarily participated in this study, of which 24 were in the flexible flatfoot group and 67 were in the regular foot group after evaluating the longitudinal arch of the foot. The position sense of ankle and knee joints were measured using the active reconstruction test of the ankle and knee angle; Static balance was me...
The complexity of educational practices and the issue of individual differences has created many ... more The complexity of educational practices and the issue of individual differences has created many challenges for motor skills educators. So the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of linear and nonlinear pedagogy on manipulation motor skills performance of children. The population of this study included all girl children of 8 years old primary schools in Babolsar city where 55 children of them were selected using available sampling method and participated for 4 weeks, twice a week, in interventional program involving linear pedagogy (performing prescriptive and repetitive exercises) and nonlinear pedagogy (manipulation of task constraints including equipment and instructions) to performance improvement of manipulation motor skills. Data collection tools included quantitative or product-oriented tests adjusted of overarm throwing accuracy, Moore-christine shot test (modified for children) and basketball spiral dribble test. The data were analyzed using mix-ANOVA ana...
Background & Objectives: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is an atypical motor developme... more Background & Objectives: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is an atypical motor development with an undiscovered etiology, which has recently attracted extensive attention. A significant challenge regarding motor development in children with DCD is identifying the constraints that affect the optimization of interventions, i.e., designed for motor development. The present study attempted to compare the effects of group and individual games on the development of fundamental movement skills in children with DCD. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of the present study included all females aged 9-10 years with DCD in Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. The DCD was diagnosed using the second edition of the movement assessment battery (2001) for children followed by a psychiatrist's approval. A total of 20 students with DCD were selected through convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups, as follows: group games and individual games (10 children per group). The study groups performed the selected exercises during eighteen 60-minute sessions. The games played by the two groups were the same, and the only difference concerned the organization of the games. To design the games, several activities and games were extracted through exploring relevant literature (Peens et al., 2006). The selected activities and games were then included in the process of 18 daily lesson plans and were approved by 10 physical education professors. Prior to conducting the research, these games were tested on 12 children with DCD that were excluded from the research sample. Moreover, the games were completely consistent with the research objectives in terms of severity, duration, and time. The study subjects were evaluated before and after conducting the exercises by the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition (TGMD-2). This test was presented by Ulrich (2000) for the qualitative assessment of gross motor skills. The TGMD-2 measures the locomotion and manipulation skills in subtests. The total score obtained in both subtests is considered as the value for fundamental movement skills. The validity and reliability of this tool have been approved by Soltanian et al., (2013) in Iran. Based on this study, the coefficient of internal consistency and reliability for locomotion and manipulation score, as well as the total score were reported as 78%, 74%, and 80%, respectively. Data analysis was performed in SPSS using repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The obtained data were normalized using Shapiro-Wilk test; then, the scores of the pretest and posttest was compared between the study groups. Due to the heterogeneity of the data between the two groups, using the analysis of covariance was impossible. Therefore, to investigate the effect of the exercises, a 2 (groups) × 2 (pretest and posttest phases) repeated-measures ANOVA was performed through which the time factor was repeatedly measured. The collected findings revealed that group and individual game approaches had a significant effect on motor development in the studied children (p<0.001). The superior effect of group games in comparison with individual games (p=0.012) was confirmed considering the higher level of progress made by the group games research group (mean±SD: from 66.90±8.14 to 73.20±3.32), compared to the individual games study group (mean±SD: from 64.80±6.56 to 66.10±5.42). Conclusion: Considering the advantages of group games and the results of this research study, motor development interventions in children with DCD could lead to more favorable outcomes in the development of fundamental movement skills; this goal is achieved if using group methods. Such practice proved effectiveness in preparing an individual for social life and teamwork that is encountered in everyday life. Social relationships could also be improved through these types of games.
PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of the challenge point framework (CPF) to improve st... more PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of the challenge point framework (CPF) to improve stepping reactions and enhance balance in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP). The CPF relates practice variables to the skill level of the individual and task difficulty. METHODS: Nine children with HCP (age: 7.7±2.4 years) completed six weeks (12 sessions) of a CPF intervention which consisted of progressively fewer sets and repetitions of a stepping reaction task wherein participants sought to improve both step length and reaction rate. Stepping reaction (step length and reaction rate) to a balance perturbation in the anterior, posterior, and lateral directions and static and dynamic balance (via the Pediatric Balance Scale) were measured at baseline, a second baseline 3 weeks later, and post-intervention. Repeated measures ANOVAs determined within-group changes. Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated. RESULTS: Participants improved balance (d = 0.948, p = 0.010), step length ...
The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of exergame and dual task exercises... more The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of exergame and dual task exercises on gait parameters and lower limb muscle strength in young elderly. Participants in the training protocol included: 30 elderly aged 50-65 years. The training protocol lasted 18 sessions of 40 minutes and 6 weeks in two groups. The Exergame group played boxing and track and field games, and the dual task group practiced stepping exercises with 50-75% of the maximum beat along with the secondary cognitive task .According to the results of several components, of the lower limb muscle was improved and the effect of exergame was greater. The amount of changes recorded in the gait parameters indicates a lack of significant improvement in step length components stride length and a cadence. Also, the persistence of positive effects on the working memory component in the exergame group was slightly better.
Background: This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise with music on anxiety, depres... more Background: This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise with music on anxiety, depression, motor proficiency and cognitive ability of boys with ADHD. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. Participant’s comprised a convenience sample of 36 boys with ADHD. The experimental group (N=18) practiced in non-linear pedagogy (M years =11.32, SD=1.00), whereas the control group (N=18) performed (M years =11.26, SD=0.92) usual school activities in the traditional method. Results: After participating in the 8-week aerobic training program, motor proficiency, anxiety, depression, working memory, perceptual reasoning, and processing speed were improved in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Based on these findings, among ADHD children, incorporating music into sports can have an impact on children's anxiety, depression, motor proficiency, and cognitive ability. Increasing participation by incorporating music into sports such as ...
Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 2022
Researchers have shown that visual motor skills can be improved by practicing visual skills for o... more Researchers have shown that visual motor skills can be improved by practicing visual skills for optimal motor performance during sport. The aim of this research was to study the effect of 6 visual training on vision functions skilled players in Badminton sport. The participants of this research were skilled badminton players from Esfahan province. 60 persons (range of age: of 25-30) were divided into two group: experimental group and control group randomly. After the presence of the two groups in pre-test, the experimental group participated in visual training and control group in watching badminton match movie, both for six weeks and three sessions per week and in the last session, both groups participated in post-test. These tests included close-far chart test (hart chart), two rows Saccades test, and test of bringing closes a pencil (prism test), coordination of eye-hand test, and the time of vision reaction test. The data was analyzed by ANCOVA analyses test (p≤0.05).The results indicated that in some visual function (included Visual reaction time, Tracking and Visual concentration in experimental group was better than control group.
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2022
Background Lack of the neuromuscular control during locomotion in the knee joint leads to an incr... more Background Lack of the neuromuscular control during locomotion in the knee joint leads to an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in children. Hence, we aimed to explore the effects of a repetitive, model-oriented, and self-organized approach on lower limb kinematics during gait in children. Methods In randomized controlled trial, 36 children with 4 ± 0.79 years of age from the children gym were randomly (a lottery method) allocated into three groups, including (1) the model-oriented (n = 10), (2) Differential Learning (n = 11), and (3) control (n = 10) groups. Kinematic data of hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane were recorded by a GoPro camera at the moments of heel-ground contact and toe-off the ground before and after a 6-week intervention (two sessions per week). Results The results indicate a 35% post-intervention increase of ankle dorsiflexion (95% CI: − 5.63 _ − 0.96) in the moment of heel-ground contact in the model-oriented group; however...
Due to the developing trend of the elderly population, improving their psychological characterist... more Due to the developing trend of the elderly population, improving their psychological characteristics including Participation Motivation in Physical activity and depression is essential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of motor skills training with a challenge point method on Participation Motivation in Physical activity and depression in elderly men at Hamadan. The present study was a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with the control group. 28 elderly (mean = 71.09, standard deviation = 4.72) among the elderly in the city of Hamedan with an available method and based on inclusion criteria were selected and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups of 14. The measurement tools were the Benam, Badami and Moshkelati's Participation Motivation in Physical activity questionnaire of the elderly, and Beck depression questionnaire. Exercise intervention for eight weeks and three sessions per week of one ho...
Introduction: Cognitive-perceptual skills are important for successful performance in many tasks.... more Introduction: Cognitive-perceptual skills are important for successful performance in many tasks. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of quiet eye training and anticipation training on performance of hockey goalkeepers. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 10 hockey goalkeepers were selected via purposeful sampling method, and randomly assigned to two equal groups of quiet eye training and anticipation training. The study included pretest, intervention, posttest, and transference stages. Participants in pretest, posttest, and transfer (under-pressure position) stages received 25 hockey strokes at a distance of 9 meters. Intervention was done for three consecutive days (9 blocks of 40 trials, a total of 360 trials), and participants received their training instructions. Data were analyzed using independent t and dependent t tests via SPSS software. Results: Both anticipation training (P = 0.010) and quiet eye training (P < 0.001) had significant eff...
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dominant and non-dominant mental practic... more The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dominant and non-dominant mental practice on Badminton's backhand short service. A total of 20 girls aged 12-14 years old from the city of Goldasht were selected and purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups. Both training groups trained in 30 sessions, in which 50 performance were made to visualize the skill of the service mentally. In order to compare the two groups, the mixed ANOVA and Bonferron's post hoc test were used. Comparing the between-group, the results showed that mental practice with dominant hands was not significant in dynamic environment and interactive exercise, but subjective exercise was significantly (P <0.05). No significant results were obtained in the within group comparison, but given the low effectiveness, it seems that the difference between the two groups is very close to meaning. Research findings suggest that coaches and teachers of interactive practice can benefit from less-than-lateral mental practice to improve the performance of their athletes in training sessions.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Feb 1, 2020
Introduction: Autism spectrum disorders are of neuro-developmental conditions with the most preva... more Introduction: Autism spectrum disorders are of neuro-developmental conditions with the most prevalence among the children during recent years. Children with autism spectrum disorders usually have mobility problems in balance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of active video game on static and dynamic balance in children with autism spectrum disorders. Materials and Methods: This was a semi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design and control group. 16 children with autism spectrum disorders, aged 6-10 years, were selected and after pretest of static and dynamic balance, randomly assigned to two equal groups of experimental and control. Experimental group received its respective intervention program [athletics, bowling, and boxing as video game (Xbox Kinect)] 2 sessions a week, lasting 45 minutes, over an 8-week period. Control group performed their daily activities. Modified stork test to measure static balance and walking heel to toe test were used to measure dynamic balance. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test with significance level of less than 0.05. Results: Significant differences were found between control and experimental groups in static (P = 0.001) and dynamic (P = 0.001) balance. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that active video game may bring benefits on static and dynamic balance in children with autism spectrum disorders. Therefore, in order to develop balance in children with autism spectrum disorders, the use of active video game is suggested.
Background & purpose Afferent input from the sole affects postural stability. Cutaneous reflexes ... more Background & purpose Afferent input from the sole affects postural stability. Cutaneous reflexes from the foot are important to posture and gait. Lower-limb afferents alone provide enough information to maintain upright stance and are critical in perceiving postural sway. Altered feedback from propreoceptive receptors alters gait and patterns of muscle activation. The position and posture of the foot and ankle may also play an important role in proprioceptive input.Therefore, the current research aims to compare static balance and ankle and knee proprioception in people with and without flexible flatfeet. Methodology 91 female students between the ages of 18 and 25 voluntarily participated in this study, of which 24 were in the flexible flatfoot group and 67 were in the regular foot group after evaluating the longitudinal arch of the foot. The position sense of ankle and knee joints were measured using the active reconstruction test of the ankle and knee angle; Static balance was me...
The complexity of educational practices and the issue of individual differences has created many ... more The complexity of educational practices and the issue of individual differences has created many challenges for motor skills educators. So the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of linear and nonlinear pedagogy on manipulation motor skills performance of children. The population of this study included all girl children of 8 years old primary schools in Babolsar city where 55 children of them were selected using available sampling method and participated for 4 weeks, twice a week, in interventional program involving linear pedagogy (performing prescriptive and repetitive exercises) and nonlinear pedagogy (manipulation of task constraints including equipment and instructions) to performance improvement of manipulation motor skills. Data collection tools included quantitative or product-oriented tests adjusted of overarm throwing accuracy, Moore-christine shot test (modified for children) and basketball spiral dribble test. The data were analyzed using mix-ANOVA ana...
Background & Objectives: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is an atypical motor developme... more Background & Objectives: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is an atypical motor development with an undiscovered etiology, which has recently attracted extensive attention. A significant challenge regarding motor development in children with DCD is identifying the constraints that affect the optimization of interventions, i.e., designed for motor development. The present study attempted to compare the effects of group and individual games on the development of fundamental movement skills in children with DCD. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of the present study included all females aged 9-10 years with DCD in Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. The DCD was diagnosed using the second edition of the movement assessment battery (2001) for children followed by a psychiatrist's approval. A total of 20 students with DCD were selected through convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups, as follows: group games and individual games (10 children per group). The study groups performed the selected exercises during eighteen 60-minute sessions. The games played by the two groups were the same, and the only difference concerned the organization of the games. To design the games, several activities and games were extracted through exploring relevant literature (Peens et al., 2006). The selected activities and games were then included in the process of 18 daily lesson plans and were approved by 10 physical education professors. Prior to conducting the research, these games were tested on 12 children with DCD that were excluded from the research sample. Moreover, the games were completely consistent with the research objectives in terms of severity, duration, and time. The study subjects were evaluated before and after conducting the exercises by the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition (TGMD-2). This test was presented by Ulrich (2000) for the qualitative assessment of gross motor skills. The TGMD-2 measures the locomotion and manipulation skills in subtests. The total score obtained in both subtests is considered as the value for fundamental movement skills. The validity and reliability of this tool have been approved by Soltanian et al., (2013) in Iran. Based on this study, the coefficient of internal consistency and reliability for locomotion and manipulation score, as well as the total score were reported as 78%, 74%, and 80%, respectively. Data analysis was performed in SPSS using repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The obtained data were normalized using Shapiro-Wilk test; then, the scores of the pretest and posttest was compared between the study groups. Due to the heterogeneity of the data between the two groups, using the analysis of covariance was impossible. Therefore, to investigate the effect of the exercises, a 2 (groups) × 2 (pretest and posttest phases) repeated-measures ANOVA was performed through which the time factor was repeatedly measured. The collected findings revealed that group and individual game approaches had a significant effect on motor development in the studied children (p<0.001). The superior effect of group games in comparison with individual games (p=0.012) was confirmed considering the higher level of progress made by the group games research group (mean±SD: from 66.90±8.14 to 73.20±3.32), compared to the individual games study group (mean±SD: from 64.80±6.56 to 66.10±5.42). Conclusion: Considering the advantages of group games and the results of this research study, motor development interventions in children with DCD could lead to more favorable outcomes in the development of fundamental movement skills; this goal is achieved if using group methods. Such practice proved effectiveness in preparing an individual for social life and teamwork that is encountered in everyday life. Social relationships could also be improved through these types of games.
PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of the challenge point framework (CPF) to improve st... more PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of the challenge point framework (CPF) to improve stepping reactions and enhance balance in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP). The CPF relates practice variables to the skill level of the individual and task difficulty. METHODS: Nine children with HCP (age: 7.7±2.4 years) completed six weeks (12 sessions) of a CPF intervention which consisted of progressively fewer sets and repetitions of a stepping reaction task wherein participants sought to improve both step length and reaction rate. Stepping reaction (step length and reaction rate) to a balance perturbation in the anterior, posterior, and lateral directions and static and dynamic balance (via the Pediatric Balance Scale) were measured at baseline, a second baseline 3 weeks later, and post-intervention. Repeated measures ANOVAs determined within-group changes. Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated. RESULTS: Participants improved balance (d = 0.948, p = 0.010), step length ...
The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of exergame and dual task exercises... more The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of exergame and dual task exercises on gait parameters and lower limb muscle strength in young elderly. Participants in the training protocol included: 30 elderly aged 50-65 years. The training protocol lasted 18 sessions of 40 minutes and 6 weeks in two groups. The Exergame group played boxing and track and field games, and the dual task group practiced stepping exercises with 50-75% of the maximum beat along with the secondary cognitive task .According to the results of several components, of the lower limb muscle was improved and the effect of exergame was greater. The amount of changes recorded in the gait parameters indicates a lack of significant improvement in step length components stride length and a cadence. Also, the persistence of positive effects on the working memory component in the exergame group was slightly better.
Background: This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise with music on anxiety, depres... more Background: This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise with music on anxiety, depression, motor proficiency and cognitive ability of boys with ADHD. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. Participant’s comprised a convenience sample of 36 boys with ADHD. The experimental group (N=18) practiced in non-linear pedagogy (M years =11.32, SD=1.00), whereas the control group (N=18) performed (M years =11.26, SD=0.92) usual school activities in the traditional method. Results: After participating in the 8-week aerobic training program, motor proficiency, anxiety, depression, working memory, perceptual reasoning, and processing speed were improved in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Based on these findings, among ADHD children, incorporating music into sports can have an impact on children's anxiety, depression, motor proficiency, and cognitive ability. Increasing participation by incorporating music into sports such as ...
Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 2022
Researchers have shown that visual motor skills can be improved by practicing visual skills for o... more Researchers have shown that visual motor skills can be improved by practicing visual skills for optimal motor performance during sport. The aim of this research was to study the effect of 6 visual training on vision functions skilled players in Badminton sport. The participants of this research were skilled badminton players from Esfahan province. 60 persons (range of age: of 25-30) were divided into two group: experimental group and control group randomly. After the presence of the two groups in pre-test, the experimental group participated in visual training and control group in watching badminton match movie, both for six weeks and three sessions per week and in the last session, both groups participated in post-test. These tests included close-far chart test (hart chart), two rows Saccades test, and test of bringing closes a pencil (prism test), coordination of eye-hand test, and the time of vision reaction test. The data was analyzed by ANCOVA analyses test (p≤0.05).The results indicated that in some visual function (included Visual reaction time, Tracking and Visual concentration in experimental group was better than control group.
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2022
Background Lack of the neuromuscular control during locomotion in the knee joint leads to an incr... more Background Lack of the neuromuscular control during locomotion in the knee joint leads to an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in children. Hence, we aimed to explore the effects of a repetitive, model-oriented, and self-organized approach on lower limb kinematics during gait in children. Methods In randomized controlled trial, 36 children with 4 ± 0.79 years of age from the children gym were randomly (a lottery method) allocated into three groups, including (1) the model-oriented (n = 10), (2) Differential Learning (n = 11), and (3) control (n = 10) groups. Kinematic data of hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane were recorded by a GoPro camera at the moments of heel-ground contact and toe-off the ground before and after a 6-week intervention (two sessions per week). Results The results indicate a 35% post-intervention increase of ankle dorsiflexion (95% CI: − 5.63 _ − 0.96) in the moment of heel-ground contact in the model-oriented group; however...
Due to the developing trend of the elderly population, improving their psychological characterist... more Due to the developing trend of the elderly population, improving their psychological characteristics including Participation Motivation in Physical activity and depression is essential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of motor skills training with a challenge point method on Participation Motivation in Physical activity and depression in elderly men at Hamadan. The present study was a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with the control group. 28 elderly (mean = 71.09, standard deviation = 4.72) among the elderly in the city of Hamedan with an available method and based on inclusion criteria were selected and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups of 14. The measurement tools were the Benam, Badami and Moshkelati's Participation Motivation in Physical activity questionnaire of the elderly, and Beck depression questionnaire. Exercise intervention for eight weeks and three sessions per week of one ho...
Introduction: Cognitive-perceptual skills are important for successful performance in many tasks.... more Introduction: Cognitive-perceptual skills are important for successful performance in many tasks. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of quiet eye training and anticipation training on performance of hockey goalkeepers. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 10 hockey goalkeepers were selected via purposeful sampling method, and randomly assigned to two equal groups of quiet eye training and anticipation training. The study included pretest, intervention, posttest, and transference stages. Participants in pretest, posttest, and transfer (under-pressure position) stages received 25 hockey strokes at a distance of 9 meters. Intervention was done for three consecutive days (9 blocks of 40 trials, a total of 360 trials), and participants received their training instructions. Data were analyzed using independent t and dependent t tests via SPSS software. Results: Both anticipation training (P = 0.010) and quiet eye training (P < 0.001) had significant eff...
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