{"id":15702,"date":"2017-01-11T12:15:55","date_gmt":"2017-01-11T10:15:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.webcodegeeks.com\/?p=15702"},"modified":"2017-01-09T12:53:51","modified_gmt":"2017-01-09T10:53:51","slug":"default-implementations-using-delegation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.webcodegeeks.com\/python\/default-implementations-using-delegation\/","title":{"rendered":"Default Implementations Using Delegation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hey everyone! It\u2019s my first post of the new year! Usually, I do a bunch of book reviews at the beginning of the year, and I will certainly do that in upcoming posts.<\/p>\n<p>Also, don\u2019t worry that I may have given up on my video series; I haven\u2019t. I\u2019m simply being a moron and doing other, less important things in my free time. I\u2019m sure I\u2019ll whip myself into shape soon enough.<\/p>\n<p>Lastly, I\u2019ve received a bunch of free copies of my book from Apress, so I\u2019ll be coming up with some way to give those away sometime soon.<\/p>\n<p>Onto THIS article now.<\/p>\n<h2>Intro<\/h2>\n<p>I need to start this article with a disclaimer: this isn\u2019t really even a good idea. It\u2019s really just a thought experiment that I did, and I\u2019d like to show you how it could be done if you ever wanted to do it.<\/p>\n<p>The idea came about because I had been reading about Template Methods a little earlier in the week, and then I was also reminded of <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.python.org\/3.6\/library\/collections.abc.html\">Python\u2019s Container ABCs<\/a>, which use something akin to Template Methods for the default implementations of certain methods. Then I started thinking about how I could do default implementations <i>without<\/i> inheritance, since implementation inheritance is the root of many problems \u2013 but it\u2019s NOT evil and DOES serve a purpose. In this case, sticking with the typical inheritance-based solution is probably the best. This is what inheritance was truly meant to do.<\/p>\n<h2>The Problem<\/h2>\n<p>I\u2019ve already done <a href=\"https:\/\/programmingideaswithjake.wordpress.com\/2015\/05\/09\/replacing-inheritance-with-composition#template\">an article similar to this<\/a>, exploring how to replace the Template Method pattern with the Strategy pattern, but that idea is kind of backwards to what I want. Whereas that article has you make instances of the \u201cTemplate\u201d class that holds strategies of how to implement the non-template parts, in this case I want to make instances of a subclass that delegates to a template.<\/p>\n<p>So, instead of constructing an object like <code>TemplateType(Specialization())<\/code>, we just construct our <code>SpecializationType()<\/code> which creates or otherwise accesses the template within. How would we do that?<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at an example using Kotlin and creating a <code>List<\/code> type while looking only at <code>add()<\/code> and <code>addAll()<\/code>. Normally, using default implementations, you\u2019d do something like this:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:php\">interface List&lt;Element&gt; {\r\n   fun add(element: Element): Unit\r\n   fun addAll(elements: Iterable&lt;Element&gt;): Unit {\r\n      for(element in elements)\r\n         add(element)\r\n   }\r\n}<\/pre>\n<p>If your language doesn\u2019t allow implementations of methods on interfaces (are there any left, besides older versions of Java?), you\u2019d normally have to go the old-fashioned route of then creating an abstract base class named <code>BaseList<\/code> or <code>AbstractList<\/code> to inherit from that contained the default implementations.<\/p>\n<p>Then you could create a <code>MyList<\/code> class that inherits from the interface (or the abstract base class, if you went that route) and only implements <code>add()<\/code>, leaving the default version to do what is needed.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s the inheritance way, but now we need to see the delegation way.<\/p>\n<h2>Solution<\/h2>\n<p>Let\u2019s start back at the interface, which is the same but without any implementation.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:php\">interface List&lt;Element&gt; {\r\n   fun add(element: Element): Unit\r\n   fun addAll(elements: Iterable&lt;Element&gt;): Unit\r\n}<\/pre>\n<p>Now, we make the class that has the default implementation:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:php\">class DefaultListImplementation&lt;Element&gt; {\r\n   fun addAllTo(list: List&lt;Element&gt;, elements: Iterable&lt;Element&gt;): Unit {\r\n      for (element in elements)\r\n         list.add(element)\r\n   }\r\n}<\/pre>\n<p>Alternatives include having the default implementation class take the subclass instance in through the constructor (but that creates a circular reference, so I recommend not doing so), making the class a Singleton (which is okay, since it should be stateless), or having all the methods be standalone functions (static methods, if your language doesn\u2019t allow functions).<\/p>\n<p>Then, your new <code>MyList<\/code> will look something like this:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:php\">class MyList&lt;Element&gt; : List&lt;Element&gt; {\r\n   val delegate = DefaultListImplementation&lt;Element&gt;()\r\n\r\n   override fun add(element: Element) {\r\n      \/\/implementation goes here\r\n   }\r\n\r\n   override fun addAll(elements: Iterable&lt;Element&gt;) {\r\n      delegate.addAllTo(this, elements)\r\n   }\r\n}<\/pre>\n<p>And that\u2019s all there is to it. Surprisingly simple.<\/p>\n<h2>Down the Rabbit Hole<\/h2>\n<p>You could start to go a little crazy if you\u2019d like and use dependency injection for the template delegate. The default implementation objects would become their own combo Template Strategy pattern. For example, <code>DefaultListImplementation<\/code> could inherit from an interface that other \u201cdefault\u201d implementations could be implemented from, and then <code>MyList<\/code> could accept an object of that type in its constructor, allowing you to customize <code>MyList<\/code>\u2018s \u201cdefault\u201d implementation.<\/p>\n<p>Personally, this seems a bit ridiculous, but if you ever have need of this article\u2019s base pattern, then maybe it\u2019s because you need the \u201ctemplate\u201d to be \u201cstrategy-ized\u201d in the first place.<\/p>\n<h2>Outro<\/h2>\n<p>So yeah, that\u2019s the pattern. Like I stated at the beginning, this isn\u2019t necessarily even a good idea in practice; it\u2019s just a thought experiment that I thought I\u2019d share with you guys. Stick with the old inheritance-based way, for the most part. Maybe reading this helped you to learn how to apply a similar thought process that you can use somewhere down the road to improve some of your code.<\/p>\n<p>Thanks for reading!<\/p>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"reference\">Reference: <\/span><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/programmingideaswithjake.wordpress.com\/2017\/01\/07\/default-implementations-using-delegation\/\">Default Implementations Using Delegation<\/a> from our <a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcodegeeks.com\/join-us\/wcg\/\">WCG partner<\/a> Jacob Zimmerman at the <a href=\"http:\/\/programmingideaswithjake.wordpress.com\/\">Programming Ideas With Jake<\/a> blog.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hey everyone! It\u2019s my first post of the new year! Usually, I do a bunch of book reviews at the beginning of the year, and I will certainly do that in upcoming posts. Also, don\u2019t worry that I may have given up on my video series; I haven\u2019t. I\u2019m simply being a moron and doing &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":51,"featured_media":1651,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15702","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Default Implementations Using Delegation - Web Code Geeks - 2026<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hey everyone! It\u2019s my first post of the new year! 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