{"id":11256,"date":"2016-03-10T12:11:44","date_gmt":"2016-03-10T10:11:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.webcodegeeks.com\/?p=11256"},"modified":"2016-03-02T15:48:16","modified_gmt":"2016-03-02T13:48:16","slug":"primer-open-source-nosql-databases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.webcodegeeks.com\/nosql\/primer-open-source-nosql-databases\/","title":{"rendered":"A Primer On Open Source NoSQL Databases"},"content":{"rendered":"

The idea of this article is to understand NoSQL databases, its properties, various types, data model and how it differs from standard RDBMS.<\/p>\n

1. Introduction<\/h2>\n

The RDMS databases are here for nearly three decades now. \u00a0But in the era of social media, smart phones and cloud, we generate large volume of data, at a high velocity. \u00a0Also the data varies from simple text messages to high resolution video files. \u00a0The traditional RDBMS could not able to cope up with the velocity, volume and variety of data requirement of this new era.\u00a0 Also most of the RDBMS software\u00a0are licensed and needs enterprise class, proprietary, licensed hardware machines. \u00a0This has clearly let way for Open Source NoSQL Databases, where the basic properties are dynamic schema, distributed <\/strong>and horizontally scalable <\/strong>on commodity hardware<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

2. Properties of NoSQL<\/h2>\n

NoSQL is the acronym for Not Only SQL. \u00a0The basic qualities\u00a0of NoSQL databases are schemaless, distributed and horizontally scalable on commodity hardware. \u00a0The NoSQL databases offers variety of functions to solve various problems with variety of data types, where \u201cblob\u201d used to be the only data type in RDBMS to store unstructured data.<\/p>\n

2.1 Dynamic Schema<\/h3>\n

NoSQL databases allows schema to be flexible. New columns can be added anytime. \u00a0Rows may or may not have values for those columns and no strict enforcement of data types for columns. This flexibility is handy for developers, especially when they expect frequent\u00a0changes during the course of product life cycle.<\/p>\n

2.2 Variety of Data<\/h3>\n

NoSQL databases support any type of data. \u00a0It\u00a0supports structured, semi-structured and unstructured data to be stored. \u00a0Its supports logs, images files, videos, graphs, jpegs, JSON, XML to be stored and operated as it is without any pre-processing. \u00a0So it reduces the need for ETL (Extract \u2013 Transform \u2013 Load).<\/p>\n

2.3 High Availability Cluster<\/h3>\n

NoSQL databases support distributed storage using commodity hardware. It also supports high availability by horizontal scalability. This features enables NoSQL databases get the benefit of elastic nature of the Cloud infrastructure services.<\/p>\n

2.4 Open Source<\/h3>\n

NoSQL databases are open source software. \u00a0The usage of software is free and most of them are free to use in commercial products. \u00a0The open sources codebase\u00a0can be modified to solve the business needs. \u00a0There are minor variations in the open source software licenses, users must be aware of license agreements.<\/p>\n

2.5 NoSQL \u2013 Not Only SQL<\/h3>\n

NoSQL databases not only depend SQL to retrieve data. They provide rich API\u00a0interfaces to perform DML and CRUD operations. These are APIs are move developer friendly and supported in variety of programming languages.<\/p>\n

3. Types of No-SQL<\/h2>\n

There are four types of No-SQL data bases. They are: Key-Value databases, Column oriented database, Document oriented databases\u00a0and\u00a0Graph databases. \u00a0At a very high level most of these databases follows the similar structure of RDBMS databases.<\/p>\n

The database server might contain many data bases. \u00a0The databases might contain one or more tables inside it. \u00a0The table intern will have rows and columns to store the actual data. \u00a0This hierarchy is common across all No-SQL databases, but the terminologies might vary.<\/p>\n

3.1\u00a0Key Value\u00a0Database<\/h3>\n

Key-Value databases developed based on Dynamo<\/strong> white paper published by Amazon<\/strong>. \u00a0Key-Value database allows the user to store data in simple <key> : <value><\/em> format, where key<\/em> is used to retrieve the value from the table.<\/p>\n

3.1.1 Data Model<\/h4>\n

The table contains many\u00a0key spaces\u00a0and each key space can have many identifiers to store key value pairs. \u00a0The key-space is\u00a0similar to column in typical RDBMS and the group of identifiers<\/p>\n

\"01-keyvaluev1\"<\/a>presented under the key-space can be considered as rows.<\/p>\n

It is suitable for building simple, non-complex, high available applications. \u00a0Since most of Key Value Databases support in memory storage, can be used for building\u00a0cache mechanism.<\/p>\n

3.1.3 Example:<\/h4>\n

DynamoDB, Redis<\/p>\n

3.2 Column oriented Database<\/h3>\n

Column oriented databases are\u00a0developed based on Big Table<\/strong> white paper published by Google<\/strong>. \u00a0This takes a different approach than traditional RDBMS, where it supports\u00a0to add more and more columns and have wider table. \u00a0Since the table is going to be very broad, it supports to group the column with a family name, call it \u201cColumn Family<\/strong>\u201d or \u201cSuper Column<\/strong>\u201c. \u00a0The Column Family can also be optional in some of the Column data bases. \u00a0As per the common philosophy of No-SQL databases, the values to the columns can be sparsely distributed.<\/p>\n

3.2.1 Data Model<\/h4>\n

The table contains column families (optional). \u00a0Each column family contains many columns. \u00a0The values for columns might be sparsely distributed with key-value pairs.<\/p>\n

\"02-columndbimgv1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

The Column oriented databases are alternate to the typical Data warehousing databases (Eg. Teradata) and they are\u00a0suitable for OLAP kind of application.<\/p>\n

3.2.2 Example<\/h4>\n

Apache Cassandra,\u00a0HBase<\/p>\n

3.3\u00a0Document-oriented\u00a0Database<\/h3>\n

Document oriented databases supports to store semi-structured data. \u00a0It can be JSON, XML, YAML or even a Word Document. \u00a0The unit of data is called document (similar to a row in RDBMS). \u00a0The table which contains a group of documents is called as a \u201cCollection\u201d.<\/p>\n

3.3.1 Data Model<\/h4>\n

The Database contains many Collections. \u00a0A Collection contains many documents. \u00a0Each document might contain a JSON document or XML document or YAML or even a Word Document.<\/p>\n

\"03-documentdbv1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Document databases are suitable for Web based applications and applications exposing RESTful services.<\/p>\n

3.3.2 Example<\/h4>\n

MongoDB, CouchBaseDB<\/p>\n

3.4\u00a0Graph Database<\/h3>\n

The real world graph contains vertices and edges. \u00a0They are called nodes and relations in graph. \u00a0The graph databases allow us to store and perform data manipulation operations on nodes, relations and attributes of nodes and relations.<\/p>\n

The graph databases works better when the graphs are directed graphs, i.e. when there are relations between graphs.<\/p>\n

3.4.1 Data Model<\/h4>\n

The graph database is the two dimensional representation of graph. \u00a0The graph is similar to table. \u00a0Each graph contains Node, Node Properties, Relation and Relation Properties as Columns. \u00a0There will be values for each row for these columns. \u00a0The values for properties columns can have key-value pairs.<\/p>\n

\"04-graphdbv1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Graph databases are suitable for social media, network problems which involves complex queries with more joins.<\/p>\n

3.4.2 Example<\/h4>\n

Neo4j, OrientDB, HyperGraphDB, GraphBase, InfiniteGraph<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0Possible Problem Areas<\/h2>\n

Following are the important areas to be considered while choosing a NoSQL database for given problem statement.<\/p>\n

4.1 ACID Transactions:<\/h3>\n

Most of the NoSQL databases do\u00a0not support ACID transactions. E.g. MongoDB, CouchBase, Cassandra. \u00a0[Note: To know more about ACID transaction capabilities, refer the appendix below].<\/p>\n

4.2\u00a0Proprietary APIs \/ SQL Support<\/h3>\n

Some of NoSQL databases does not support Structured Query Language, they only support API interface. \u00a0There is no common standard for APIs. \u00a0Every database follows its own way of implementing APIs, so there is a overhead of learning and developing separate adaptor layers for each and every databases. \u00a0Some of NoSQL databases do not support all standard SQL features.<\/p>\n

4.3 No JOIN Operator<\/h3>\n

Due to nature of the schema or data model, the NoSQL databases may not support JOIN operations.<\/p>\n

4.4 Lee-way of CAP Theorem<\/h3>\n

Most of the NoSQL databases, take the leeway suggested by CAP theorem and they support only any two properties of Consistency, Availability and Partition aware. \u00a0They do not support all the three qualities. [Note: Please refer appendix to know more about CAP theorem].<\/p>\n

5. Summary<\/h2>\n

NoSQL databases solve the problems where RDBMS could not succeed in both functional and non-functional areas. \u00a0In this article we have seen the basic properties, generic data models, various types and features of NoSQL databases. \u00a0To further proceed, start using anyone of NoSQL database and get hands-on.<\/p>\n

Appendix A Theories behind Databases<\/h2>\n

A.1\u00a0ACID Transactions<\/h2>\n

ACID is an acronym for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability. \u00a0These four properties are used to measure<\/p>\n

A.1.1\u00a0Atomicity<\/h3>\n

Atomicity means that the database transactions must be atomic in nature. It is also called all<\/strong>\u00a0or nothing<\/strong> rule. Databases must ensure that a single failure must result rollback of the entire transaction until the commit point. Only if all transactions are successful the transaction must be committed.<\/p>\n

A.1.2\u00a0Consistency<\/h3>\n

Databases must ensure that only valid data must be allowed to be stored. In RDBMS, it is all about enforcing schema. In NoSQL the consistency varies depends on the type of DB. For example, in GraphDB such as Neo4J, consistency ensures that relationship must have start and end node. In MongoDB, it automatically creates a unique rowid, using a 24bit length value.<\/p>\n

A.1.3\u00a0Isolation<\/h3>\n

Databases allow multiple transactions in parallel. For example, when read and write operations happens in parallel, read will not know about the write operation until write transaction is committed. The read operation will have only legacy data, until the full commit of the write transaction is completed.<\/p>\n

A.1.4\u00a0Durability<\/h3>\n

Databases must ensure that committed transactions are persisted into storage. There must be appropriate transaction and commit logs available to enforce writing into hard disk.<\/p>\n

A.2\u00a0Brewer\u2019s CAP-Theorem<\/h2>\n

CAP<\/strong> theorem recommends properties for any shared-data systems. They are: Consistency, Availability & Partition. It also recommends that to be qualified as a shared-data system, a data-base must support at most two of these properties.<\/p>\n

A.2.1.Consistency<\/h3>\n

In a distributed database systems, all the nodes must see the same data at the same time.<\/p>\n

A.2.2.Availability<\/h3>\n

The database system must be available to service a request received. Basically, the DBMS must be a high available system.<\/p>\n

A.2.3. Partition Tolerance<\/h3>\n

The database system must continue to operate despite arbitrary partitioning due to network failures.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
Reference: <\/span><\/td>\nA Primer On Open Source NoSQL Databases<\/a> from our WCG partner<\/a> Saravanan Subramanian at the Saravanan Subramanian Tech Notes<\/a> blog.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The idea of this article is to understand NoSQL databases, its properties, various types, data model and how it differs from standard RDBMS. 1. Introduction The RDMS databases are here for nearly three decades now. \u00a0But in the era of social media, smart phones and cloud, we generate large volume of data, at a high …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":143,"featured_media":1649,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[108],"class_list":["post-11256","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nosql","tag-databases"],"yoast_head":"\nA Primer On Open Source NoSQL Databases - Web Code Geeks - 2026<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The idea of this article is to understand NoSQL databases, its properties, various types, data model and how it differs from standard RDBMS. 1.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.webcodegeeks.com\/nosql\/primer-open-source-nosql-databases\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Primer On Open Source NoSQL Databases - 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