{"id":270,"date":"2016-03-27T02:13:17","date_gmt":"2016-03-27T02:13:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sqltutorial.org\/?page_id=270"},"modified":"2025-02-08T00:50:53","modified_gmt":"2025-02-08T07:50:53","slug":"sql-union","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-union\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL UNION"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you&#8217;ll learn how to use the SQL <code>UNION<\/code> operator to combine the result sets of two <code>SELECT<\/code> statements into a single result set.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='introduction-to-sql-union-operator'>Introduction to SQL UNION operator <a href=\"#introduction-to-sql-union-operator\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"introduction-to-sql-union-operator\" title=\"Anchor for Introduction to SQL UNION operator\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>UNION<\/code> operator allows you to combine the result sets of two <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-select\/\">SELECT<\/a> statements into a single result set.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the syntax of the <code>UNION<\/code> operator:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n    column1, column2\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n    table1 \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">UNION<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n    column3, column4\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n    table2;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax, you use the <code>UNION<\/code> operator to connect the first query with the second one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are some rules for using the <code>UNION<\/code> operator:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Same number of columns<\/strong>: The <code>SELECT<\/code> statements must have the same number of columns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Compatible data types:<\/strong> The corresponding columns in each <code>SELECT<\/code> statement must have compatible data types.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Column names<\/strong>: The column names of the second query will determine the column names of the final result set.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Execution order<\/strong>: The <code>UNION<\/code> operator executes the <code>SELECT<\/code> statements independently and combine the result sets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sorting result set<\/strong>: Use the <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-order-by\/\">ORDER BY<\/a><\/code> clause in the second query to sort the rows in the final result set.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>UNION<\/code> operator removes duplicate rows from the combined result set, to retain the duplicate rows, you can use the <code>UNION ALL<\/code> operator:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n    column1, column2\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n    table1 \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">UNION<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ALL<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n    column3, column4\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n    table2;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='sql-union-operator-example'>SQL UNION operator example <a href=\"#sql-union-operator-example\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"sql-union-operator-example\" title=\"Anchor for SQL UNION operator example\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Suppose we have two tables <code>A<\/code> and <code>B<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Table A:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>id<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Table B:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>id<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The following query uses the <code>UNION<\/code> operator to combine the result sets of the queries that retrieve data from the tables A and B:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">id<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  a\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">UNION<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">id<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  b\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">id<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?db=union&amp;q=U0VMRUNUIGlkIEZST00gYSBVTklPTiBTRUxFQ1QgaWQgRlJPTSBiIE9SREVSIEJZIGlkOw%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"plaintext\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"plaintext\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-plaintext\"> id\n----\n  1\n  2\n  3<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">plaintext<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">plaintext<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='sql-union-all-operator-example'>SQL UNION ALL operator example <a href=\"#sql-union-all-operator-example\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"sql-union-all-operator-example\" title=\"Anchor for SQL UNION ALL operator example\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The following query uses the <code>UNION ALL<\/code> operator to combine result sets of the queries that retrieve data from the tables <code>A<\/code> and <code>B<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">id<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  a\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">UNION<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ALL<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">id<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  b\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">id<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?db=union&amp;q=U0VMRUNUIGlkIEZST00gYSBVTklPTiBBTEwgU0VMRUNUIGlkIEZST00gYiBPUkRFUiBCWSBpZDs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"plaintext\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"plaintext\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-plaintext\"> id\n----\n  1\n  2\n  2\n  3<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">plaintext<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">plaintext<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The result set includes the duplicate row (<code>2<\/code>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following picture illustrates how the <code>UNION ALL<\/code> operator works:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"730\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SQL-UNION-ALL.png\" alt=\"SQL UNION ALL\" class=\"wp-image-272\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SQL-UNION-ALL.png 730w, https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SQL-UNION-ALL-300x75.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='practical-union-operator-examples'>Practical UNION operator examples <a href=\"#practical-union-operator-examples\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"practical-union-operator-examples\" title=\"Anchor for Practical UNION operator examples\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are the <code>employees<\/code> and <code>dependents<\/code> tables from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-sample-database\/\">HR sample database<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"495\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/employees_dependents_tables.png\" alt=\"employees_dependents_tables\" class=\"wp-image-274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/employees_dependents_tables.png 495w, https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/employees_dependents_tables-300x164.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 495px) 100vw, 495px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The following query uses the <code>UNION<\/code> operator to create a list that includes the first and last names of employees and their dependents:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  first_name,\n  last_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  employees\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">UNION<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  first_name,\n  last_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  dependents\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  first_name,\n  last_name;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?q=https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?q=U0VMRUNUIGZpcnN0X25hbWUsIGxhc3RfbmFtZSBGUk9NIGVtcGxveWVlcyBVTklPTiBTRUxFQ1QgZmlyc3RfbmFtZSwgbGFzdF9uYW1lIEZST00gZGVwZW5kZW50cyBPUkRFUiBCWSBmaXJzdF9uYW1lLCBsYXN0X25hbWU7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"plaintext\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"plaintext\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-plaintext\"> first_name  |  last_name\n-------------+-------------\n Adam        | Fripp\n Alec        | Partners\n Alexander   | Hunold\n Alexander   | Khoo\n Bette       | De Haan\n Bob         | Hartstein\n Britney     | Everett\n...<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">plaintext<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">plaintext<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The final result set includes the names of both employees and dependents. It would be better to have an additional column indicating the employee or dependent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='combining-data-with-additional-columns'>Combining data with additional columns <a href=\"#combining-data-with-additional-columns\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"combining-data-with-additional-columns\" title=\"Anchor for Combining data with additional columns\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>You can include an additional column in the <code>SELECT<\/code> statements when using the <code>UNION<\/code> operator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, the following query adds the <code>role<\/code> column to distinguish between employees and dependents in the combined result set:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-9\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  first_name,\n  last_name,\n  <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Employee'<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">role<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  employees\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">UNION<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  first_name,\n  last_name,\n  <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Dependent'<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">role<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  dependents\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  first_name,\n  last_name;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-9\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?q=U0VMRUNUIGZpcnN0X25hbWUsIGxhc3RfbmFtZSwgJ0VtcGxveWVlJyBBUyByb2xlIEZST00gZW1wbG95ZWVzIFVOSU9OIFNFTEVDVCBmaXJzdF9uYW1lLCBsYXN0X25hbWUsICdEZXBlbmRlbnQnIEFTIHJvbGUgRlJPTSBkZXBlbmRlbnRzIE9SREVSIEJZIGZpcnN0X25hbWUsIGxhc3RfbmFtZTs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-10\" data-shcb-language-name=\"plaintext\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"plaintext\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-plaintext\"> first_name  |  last_name  |   role\n-------------+-------------+-----------\n Adam        | Fripp       | Employee\n Alec        | Partners    | Dependent\n Alexander   | Hunold      | Employee\n Alexander   | Khoo        | Employee\n Bette       | De Haan     | Dependent\n Bob         | Hartstein   | Dependent\n Britney     | Everett     | Employee\n...<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-10\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">plaintext<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">plaintext<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use the <code>UNION<\/code> operator to combine result sets from two queries into a single result set.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <code>UNION<\/code> operator removes duplicate rows from the final result set.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use the <code>UNION ALL<\/code> operator to retain the duplicate rows.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Place the <code>ORDER BY<\/code> in the second query to sort the rows in the final result set.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='quiz'>Quiz <a href=\"#quiz\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"quiz\" title=\"Anchor for Quiz\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\"\n  name=\"quiz\"\n  src=\"\/quiz\/?quiz=union\"\n  height=\"700\"\n  width=\"600\"\n  class=\"iframe\"\n><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='databases'>Databases <a href=\"#databases\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"databases\" title=\"Anchor for Databases\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-union\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PostgreSQL UNION Operator<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mysqltutorial.org\/mysql-basics\/mysql-union\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MySQL UNION Operator<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/sqlite-union\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SQLite UNION Operator<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.db2tutorial.com\/db2-basics\/db2-union\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Db2 UNION Operator<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/oracle-basics\/oracle-union\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oracle UNION Operator<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-union\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SQL Server UNION Operator<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-question\">Was this tutorial helpful ?<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-thumbs\">\n\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\tdata-post=\"270\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-url=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-union\/\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-title=\"SQL UNION\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-response=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"wth-btn-rounded wth-yes-btn\"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<svg\n\t\t\t\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\t\t\t\tviewBox=\"0 0 24 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