{"id":1401,"date":"2018-01-25T19:59:16","date_gmt":"2018-01-26T02:59:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sqltutorial.org\/?page_id=1401"},"modified":"2025-03-09T07:43:56","modified_gmt":"2025-03-09T14:43:56","slug":"sql-cube","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-cube\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL CUBE"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you&#8217;ll learn how to use the SQL <code>CUBE<\/code> to generate all possible combinations of groupings for specified columns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='introduction-to-sql-cube'>Introduction to SQL CUBE <a href=\"#introduction-to-sql-cube\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"introduction-to-sql-cube\" title=\"Anchor for Introduction to SQL CUBE\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-group-by\/\">GROUP BY<\/a><\/code> clause divides rows of a result set into groups specified by one or more column values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can apply an aggregate function for each group to return an aggregated value like <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-aggregate-functions\/sql-sum\/\">SUM<\/a><\/code>, <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-aggregate-functions\/sql-avg\/\">AVG<\/a><\/code>, <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-aggregate-functions\/sql-min\/\">MIN<\/a><\/code>, <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-aggregate-functions\/sql-max\/\">MAX<\/a><\/code>, and <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-aggregate-functions\/sql-count\/\">COUNT<\/a><\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>CUBE<\/code> is an extension of the <code>GROUP BY<\/code> clause, which allows you to generate all possible combinations of groupings for specified columns, including subtotals and the total.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the syntax of the <code>GROUP BY<\/code> clause with <code>CUBE<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  column1,\n  column2,\n  aggregate_function (column3)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  table_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">GROUP<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CUBE<\/span> (column1, column2);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax, we have two columns specified in the <code>CUBE<\/code>. The statement creates two subtotal combinations. Generally, if you have <code>n<\/code> number of columns listed in the <code>CUBE<\/code>, the statement will create 2<sup>n<\/sup>&nbsp; subtotal combinations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>CUBE<\/code> operator works as follows<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First, generate all possible combinations of grouped data for the specified columns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Second, create an aggregate value for each combination of columns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Third, include a total row that aggregates all the rows.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In practice, you&#8217;ll find the <code>CUBE<\/code> operator helpful for multidimensional analysis, like summarizing salary data by both states and jobs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='sql-cube-examples'>SQL CUBE examples <a href=\"#sql-cube-examples\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"sql-cube-examples\" title=\"Anchor for SQL CUBE examples\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We&#8217;ll use the <code>CUBE<\/code> with the <code>salary_reports<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>State<\/th><th>Job<\/th><th>Salary<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>California<\/td><td>IT<\/td><td>150000.00<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>California<\/td><td>Marketing<\/td><td>130000.00<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Texas<\/td><td>IT<\/td><td>100000.00<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Texas<\/td><td>Marketing<\/td><td>80000.00<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='using-sql-cube-with-one-column'>Using SQL CUBE with one column <a href=\"#using-sql-cube-with-one-column\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"using-sql-cube-with-one-column\" title=\"Anchor for Using SQL CUBE with one column\">#<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following query uses the <code>CUBE<\/code> in the <code>GROUP BY<\/code> clause to calculate the subtotals of salary by state and the total salary of all states:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  state,\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SUM<\/span>(salary) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> salary\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  salary_reports\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">GROUP<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CUBE<\/span> (state)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  state;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?db=salaries&amp;q=U0VMRUNUIHN0YXRlLCBTVU0oc2FsYXJ5KSBBUyBzYWxhcnkgRlJPTSBzYWxhcnlfcmVwb3J0cyBHUk9VUCBCWSBDVUJFIChzdGF0ZSkgT1JERVIgQlkgc3RhdGU7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">   state    |  salary\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">------------+-----------<\/span>\n California | 280000.00\n Texas      | 180000.00\n NULL       | 460000.00<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The <code>NULL<\/code> in the state column indicates the total salary for all states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can return a more meaningful label using the <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-coalesce\/\">COALESCE<\/a><\/code> function:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">COALESCE<\/span>(state, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Total'<\/span>) state,\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SUM<\/span>(salary) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> salary\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  salary_reports\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">GROUP<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CUBE<\/span> (state)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  salary;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?db=salaries&amp;q=U0VMRUNUIENPQUxFU0NFKHN0YXRlLCAnVG90YWwnKSBzdGF0ZSwgU1VNKHNhbGFyeSkgQVMgc2FsYXJ5IEZST00gc2FsYXJ5X3JlcG9ydHMgR1JPVVAgQlkgQ1VCRSAoc3RhdGUpIE9SREVSIEJZIHNhbGFyeTs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">   state    |  salary\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">------------+-----------<\/span>\n Texas      | 180000.00\n California | 280000.00\n Total      | 460000.00<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='using-sql-cube-with-multiple-columns'>Using SQL CUBE with multiple columns <a href=\"#using-sql-cube-with-multiple-columns\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"using-sql-cube-with-multiple-columns\" title=\"Anchor for Using SQL CUBE with multiple columns\">#<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following query analyzes the salary data across all combinations of state and job using the <code>CUBE<\/code> in the <code>GROUP BY<\/code> clause:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  state,\n  job,\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SUM<\/span>(salary) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> salary\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  salary_reports\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">GROUP<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CUBE<\/span> (state, job);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?db=salaries&amp;q=U0VMRUNUIHN0YXRlLCBqb2IsIFNVTShzYWxhcnkpIEFTIHNhbGFyeSBGUk9NIHNhbGFyeV9yZXBvcnRzIEdST1VQIEJZIENVQkUgKHN0YXRlLCBqb2IpOw%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">   state    |    job    |  salary\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">------------+-----------+-----------<\/span>\n NULL       | NULL      | 460000.00\n California | IT        | 150000.00\n Texas      | Marketing |  80000.00\n Texas      | IT        | 100000.00\n California | Marketing | 130000.00\n California | NULL      | 280000.00\n Texas      | NULL      | 180000.00\n NULL       | Marketing | 210000.00\n NULL       | IT        | 250000.00<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Total<\/strong>: The row where both state and job are <code>NULL<\/code> represents the total for all salaries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Subtotals for states<\/strong>: The row where the job column is <code>NULL<\/code> represents the total salary for each state.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Subtotals for jobs:<\/strong> The row where the state column is <code>NULL<\/code> represents the total salary for each job.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Detailed rows<\/strong>: The remaining rows show the total salary for each combination of state and job.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'><strong>Summary<\/strong> <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for &lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;\/strong&gt;\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use SQL <code>CUBE<\/code> for multidimensional analysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='quiz'>Quiz <a href=\"#quiz\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"quiz\" title=\"Anchor for Quiz\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\"\n  name=\"quiz\"\n  src=\"\/quiz\/?quiz=cube\"\n  height=\"700\"\n  width=\"600\"\n  class=\"iframe\"\n><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='databases'>Databases <a href=\"#databases\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"databases\" title=\"Anchor for Databases\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-cube\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PostgreSQL CUBE<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/oracle-basics\/oracle-cube\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oracle CUBE<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-cube\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SQL Server CUBE<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-question\">Was this tutorial helpful ?<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-thumbs\">\n\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\tdata-post=\"1401\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-url=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-cube\/\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-title=\"SQL CUBE\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-response=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"wth-btn-rounded wth-yes-btn\"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<svg\n\t\t\t\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\t\t\t\tviewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"currentColor\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-linecap=\"round\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-linejoin=\"round\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"feather feather-thumbs-up block w-full h-full\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\t\td=\"M14 9V5a3 3 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