{"id":1145,"date":"2018-01-14T02:59:55","date_gmt":"2018-01-14T09:59:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sqltutorial.org\/?page_id=1145"},"modified":"2025-02-08T05:03:38","modified_gmt":"2025-02-08T12:03:38","slug":"sql-exists","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-exists\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL EXISTS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the SQL&nbsp;<code>EXISTS<\/code> operator to test if a subquery returns any row.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='introduction-to-the-sqlexists-operator'>Introduction to the SQL&nbsp;EXISTS operator <a href=\"#introduction-to-the-sqlexists-operator\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"introduction-to-the-sqlexists-operator\" title=\"Anchor for Introduction to the SQL&nbsp;EXISTS operator\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator allows you to check if a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-subquery\/\">subquery<\/a> returns any row. The <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator returns <code>true<\/code> if the subquery returns at least one row or <code>false<\/code> otherwise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the syntax of the <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  column1,\n  column2\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  table_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXISTS<\/span> (subquery);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First, specify the <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Second, place a subquery you want to check for the presence of rows within parentheses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Typically, you use the <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator to filter rows in a table based on the existence of rows from a related table. The subquery is usually a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-correlated-subquery\/\">correlated subquery<\/a> that references a column in the outer query.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator is quite fast because it stops processing when it finds the first matching row.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='sql-exists-operator-example'>SQL EXISTS operator example <a href=\"#sql-exists-operator-example\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"sql-exists-operator-example\" title=\"Anchor for SQL EXISTS operator example\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We will use the&nbsp; <code>employees<\/code> and <code>dependents<\/code> tables in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-sample-database\/\">sample database<\/a> for the demonstration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"495\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/employees_dependents_tables.png\" alt=\"SQL EXISTS - Sample Tables\" class=\"wp-image-274\" title=\"SQL EXISTS - Sample Tables\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/employees_dependents_tables.png 495w, https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/employees_dependents_tables-300x164.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 495px) 100vw, 495px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The following statement uses the <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator to find employees who have at least one dependent:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  employee_id,\n  first_name,\n  last_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  employees\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXISTS<\/span> (\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n      <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n      dependents\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n      dependents.employee_id = employees.employee_id\n  );<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?q=U0VMRUNUIGVtcGxveWVlX2lkLCBmaXJzdF9uYW1lLCBsYXN0X25hbWUgRlJPTSBlbXBsb3llZXMgV0hFUkUgRVhJU1RTICggU0VMRUNUIDEgRlJPTSBkZXBlbmRlbnRzIFdIRVJFIGRlcGVuZGVudHMuZW1wbG95ZWVfaWQgPSBlbXBsb3llZXMuZW1wbG95ZWVfaWQgKTs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"> employee_id | first_name  | last_name\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">-------------+-------------+------------<\/span>\n         100 | Steven      | King\n         101 | Neena       | Kochhar\n         102 | Lex         | De Haan\n         103 | Alexander   | Hunold\n...<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>How the query works:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For each row in the <code>employees<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The subquery checks if the <code>dependents<\/code> table has a row with the value in <code>employee_id<\/code> column equals to a value in the <code>employee_id<\/code> column of the current row from the <code>employees<\/code> table.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If yes, meaning the current employee has at least one dependent. The subquery returns a row with a value <code>1<\/code>. The&nbsp;<code>EXISTS<\/code>&nbsp;condition evaluates to <code>true<\/code>. The outer query includes the current row of the <code>employees<\/code> table in the final result set.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If no, meaning the current employee has no dependents. The subquery returns no row. The <code>EXISTS<\/code> condition evaluates to <code>false<\/code>. The outer query does not include the current row from the <code>employees<\/code> table in the final result set.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>To make the query more concise, you can use table aliases for the <code>employees<\/code> and <code>dependents<\/code> tables:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  employee_id,\n  first_name,\n  last_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  employees e\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXISTS<\/span> (\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n      <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n      dependents d\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n      d.employee_id = e.employee_id\n  );<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?q=U0VMRUNUIGVtcGxveWVlX2lkLCBmaXJzdF9uYW1lLCBsYXN0X25hbWUgRlJPTSBlbXBsb3llZXMgZSBXSEVSRSBFWElTVFMgKCBTRUxFQ1QgMSBGUk9NIGRlcGVuZGVudHMgZCBXSEVSRSBkLmVtcGxveWVlX2lkID0gZS5lbXBsb3llZV9pZCApOw%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='sql-not-exists-operator'>SQL NOT EXISTS operator <a href=\"#sql-not-exists-operator\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"sql-not-exists-operator\" title=\"Anchor for SQL NOT EXISTS operator\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To negate the <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator, you use the <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/sql-not\/\">NOT<\/a><\/code> operator. The <code>NOT EXISTS<\/code> returns <code>true<\/code> if the subquery returns no rows or <code>false<\/code> otherwise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the syntax of the <code>NOT EXISTS<\/code> operator:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  column1,\n  column2\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  table_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXISTS<\/span> (subquery);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>For example, the following query uses the <code>NOT EXISTS<\/code> operator to find employees who do not have any dependents:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  employee_id,\n  first_name,\n  last_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  employees e\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXISTS<\/span> (\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n      <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n      dependents d\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n      d.employee_id = e.employee_id\n  );<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?q=U0VMRUNUIGVtcGxveWVlX2lkLCBmaXJzdF9uYW1lLCBsYXN0X25hbWUgRlJPTSBlbXBsb3llZXMgZSBXSEVSRSBOT1QgRVhJU1RTICggU0VMRUNUIDEgRlJPTSBkZXBlbmRlbnRzIGQgV0hFUkUgZC5lbXBsb3llZV9pZCA9IGVtcGVveWVlcy5lbXBsb3llZV9pZCApOw%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"> employee_id | first_name |  last_name\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">-------------+------------+-------------<\/span>\n         120 | Matthew    | Weiss\n         178 | Kimberely  | <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">Grant<\/span>\n         <span class=\"hljs-number\">193<\/span> | Britney    | Everett\n         <span class=\"hljs-number\">177<\/span> | Jack       | Livingston\n...<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='sql-exists-operator-and-null'>SQL EXISTS operator and NULL <a href=\"#sql-exists-operator-and-null\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"sql-exists-operator-and-null\" title=\"Anchor for SQL EXISTS operator and NULL\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If the subquery returns <code>NULL<\/code>, the <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator returns <code>true<\/code>. The reason is that the <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator only checks for the existence of the row returned by the subquery. It does not matter if the row is <code>NULL<\/code> or not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, the following query uses the <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator with a subquery that returns <code>NULL<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  first_name,\n  last_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  employees\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXISTS<\/span> (\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n      <span class=\"hljs-literal\">NULL<\/span>\n  );<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqltutorial.org\/playground\/?q=U0VMRUNUIGZpcnN0X25hbWUsIGxhc3RfbmFtZSBGUk9NIGVtcGxveWVlcyBXSEVSRSBFWElTVFMgKCBTRUxFQ1QgTlVMTCApOw%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The query returns all rows in the &nbsp;<code>employees<\/code> table.<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-9\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"> first_name  |  last_name\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">-------------+-------------<\/span>\n Steven      | King\n Neena       | Kochhar\n Lex         | De Haan\n Alexander   | Hunold\n...<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-9\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use the <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator to test for the existence of rows returned by a subquery.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use the <code>NOT<\/code> operator to negate the <code>EXISTS<\/code> operator.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='quiz'>Quiz <a href=\"#quiz\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"quiz\" title=\"Anchor for Quiz\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\"\n  name=\"quiz\"\n  src=\"\/quiz\/?quiz=exists\"\n  height=\"700\"\n  width=\"600\"\n  class=\"iframe\"\n><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='databases'>Databases <a href=\"#databases\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"databases\" title=\"Anchor for Databases\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-exists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PostgreSQL EXISTS Operator<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mysqltutorial.org\/mysql-exists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MySQL EXISTS Operator<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/sqlite-exists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SQLite EXISTS Operator<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/oracle-basics\/oracle-exists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oracle EXISTS Operator<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-exists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">SQL Server EXISTS Operator<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div 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