{"id":3658,"date":"2024-04-03T14:02:35","date_gmt":"2024-04-03T07:02:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/?page_id=3658"},"modified":"2024-04-04T07:38:06","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T00:38:06","slug":"sql-server-stdev","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-aggregate-functions\/sql-server-stdev\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL Server STDEV() Function"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the SQL Server <code>STDEV()<\/code> function to calculate the sample standard deviation of a set of values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='introduction-to-the-sql-server-stdev-function'>Introduction to the SQL Server STDEV() function <a href=\"#introduction-to-the-sql-server-stdev-function\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"introduction-to-the-sql-server-stdev-function\" title=\"Anchor for Introduction to the SQL Server STDEV() function\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Standard deviation measures the variation or dispersion of values in a set of values. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A low standard deviation indicates that values tend to be close to the mean whereas a high standard deviation shows the values are spread out over a wider range.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two types of standard deviations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Population standard deviation analyzes the entire population.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sample standard deviation analyzes a subset (sample) of the population.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In SQL Server, you can use the <code>STDEV()<\/code> function to calculate the sample standard deviation of a set of values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the syntax of the STDEV function:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">STDEV ( &#91; ALL | DISTINCT ] expression )  <\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <code>ALL<\/code> option instructs the function to apply to all values including duplicates. The default value is ALL.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <code>DISTINCT<\/code> option instructs the function to apply to unique values instead.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <code>expression<\/code> is a table column or an expression that contains the values to which the function applies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>STDEV()<\/code> function returns the standard deviation of values in the table column specified by the expression as a float number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='sql-server-stdev-function-example'>SQL Server STDEV() function example <a href=\"#sql-server-stdev-function-example\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"sql-server-stdev-function-example\" title=\"Anchor for SQL Server STDEV() function example\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>First, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-create-table\/\">create a new table<\/a> called <code>salaries<\/code> that stores the salaries of employees:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TABLE<\/span> salaries (\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">id<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">INT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IDENTITY<\/span> PRIMARY <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">KEY<\/span>,\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">name<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">VARCHAR<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-number\">255<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">NULL<\/span>,\n    salary <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">DEC<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-number\">10<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">NULL<\/span>\n);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Second, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-insert-multiple-rows\/\">insert some rows<\/a> into the <code>salaries<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INTO<\/span>\n  salaries (<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">name<\/span>, salary)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VALUES<\/span>\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'John'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">60000.00<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Alice'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">65000.00<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Bob'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">70000.00<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Emily'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">55000.00<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Michael'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">75000.00<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Sophia'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">80000.00<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'David'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">50000.00<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Emma'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">75000.00<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'James'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">110000.00<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Olivia'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">120000.00<\/span>);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Third, retrieve data from the <code>salaries<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> * <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> salaries;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"plaintext\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"plaintext\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-plaintext\">id | name    | salary\n---+---------+---------\n1  | John    | 60000.00\n2  | Alice   | 65000.00\n3  | Bob     | 70000.00\n4  | Emily   | 55000.00\n5  | Michael | 75000.00\n6  | Sophia  | 80000.00\n7  | David   | 50000.00\n8  | Emma    | 75000.00\n9  | James   | 110000.00\n10 | Olivia  | 120000.00\n(10 rows)<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">plaintext<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">plaintext<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Fourth, use the <code>STDEV()<\/code> function to calculate the sample standard deviation of the salaries:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">STDEV<\/span>(salary) salary_stdev\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> salaries;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"plaintext\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"plaintext\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-plaintext\">salary_stdev\n-----------------\n22705.84848790187<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">plaintext<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">plaintext<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>To make the standard deviation more readable, you can round it using the <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-math-functions\/sql-server-round\/\">ROUND()<\/a><\/code> function:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ROUND<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">STDEV<\/span> (salary), <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span>) salary_stdev\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  salaries;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-9\" data-shcb-language-name=\"plaintext\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"plaintext\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-plaintext\">salary_stdev\n------------\n22706.00<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-9\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">plaintext<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">plaintext<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Fifth, calculate the differences between the standard deviation and the mean:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-10\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ROUND<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AVG<\/span>(salary) - <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">STDEV<\/span> (salary), <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">low<\/span>,\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ROUND<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AVG<\/span>(salary) + <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">STDEV<\/span> (salary), <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">high<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  salaries;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-10\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-11\" data-shcb-language-name=\"plaintext\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"plaintext\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-plaintext\">low      | high\n---------+---------\n53294.00 | 98706.00\n(1 row)<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-11\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">plaintext<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">plaintext<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The low is 53,294 and the high is 98,706.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on the standard deviation, we can show which salary is within one standard deviation of the mean. In other words, we have a &#8220;standard&#8221; way of knowing what is low, normal, and high salary:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"805\" height=\"330\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sql-server-stdev.png\" alt=\"SQL Server STDEV() Function\" class=\"wp-image-3660\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sql-server-stdev.png 805w, https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sql-server-stdev-300x123.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sql-server-stdev-768x315.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 805px) 100vw, 805px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The chart shows that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>John, Alice, Bob, Emily, Michael, Sophia, and Emma have the normal salary.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>David has a low salary.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>James and Olivia have a high salary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use the <code>STDEV()<\/code> function to calculate the sample standard deviation of a set of values.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-question\">Was this tutorial helpful?<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-thumbs\">\n\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\tdata-post=\"3658\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-url=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-aggregate-functions\/sql-server-stdev\/\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-title=\"SQL Server STDEV() Function\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-response=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"wth-btn-rounded wth-yes-btn\"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<svg\n\t\t\t\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\t\t\t\tviewBox=\"0 0 24 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