{"id":1591,"date":"2019-03-16T11:35:49","date_gmt":"2019-03-16T04:35:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/?page_id=1591"},"modified":"2020-04-11T20:12:32","modified_gmt":"2020-04-11T13:12:32","slug":"sql-server-recursive-cte","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-recursive-cte\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL Server Recursive CTE"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the SQL Server recursive CTE to query hierarchical data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='introduction-to-sql-server-recursive-cte'>Introduction to SQL Server recursive CTE <a href=\"#introduction-to-sql-server-recursive-cte\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"introduction-to-sql-server-recursive-cte\" title=\"Anchor for Introduction to SQL Server recursive CTE\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A recursive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-cte\/\">common table expression<\/a> (CTE) is a CTE that references itself. By doing so, the CTE repeatedly executes, returns subsets of data, until it returns the complete result set.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A recursive CTE is useful in querying hierarchical data such as organization charts where one employee reports to a manager or multi-level bill of materials when a product consists of many components, and each component itself also consists of many other components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following shows the syntax of a recursive CTE:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WITH<\/span> expression_name (column_list)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span>\n(\n    <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- Anchor member<\/span>\n    initial_query  \n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">UNION<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ALL<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- Recursive member that references expression_name.<\/span>\n    recursive_query  \n)\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- references expression name<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> *\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>   expression_name\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In general, a recursive CTE has three parts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>An initial query that returns the base result set of the CTE. The initial query is called an anchor member.<\/li><li>A recursive query that references the common table expression, therefore, it is called the recursive member. The recursive member is union-ed with the anchor member using the <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-union\/\">UNION ALL<\/a><\/code> operator.<\/li><li>A termination condition specified in the recursive member that terminates the execution of the recursive member.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The execution order of a recursive CTE is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>First, execute the anchor member to form the base result set (R0), use this result for the next iteration.<\/li><li>Second, execute the recursive member with the input result set from the previous iteration (Ri-1) and return a sub-result set (Ri) until the termination condition is met.<\/li><li>Third, combine all result sets R0, R1, &#8230; Rn using <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-union\/\">UNION ALL<\/a><\/code> operator to produce the final result set.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The following flowchart illustrates the execution of a recursive CTE:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"478\" height=\"560\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-Recursive-CTE-execution-flow.png\" alt=\"SQL Server Recursive CTE execution flow\" class=\"wp-image-1597\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-Recursive-CTE-execution-flow.png 478w, https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-Recursive-CTE-execution-flow-256x300.png 256w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 478px) 100vw, 478px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='sql-server-recursive-cte-examples'>SQL Server Recursive CTE examples <a href=\"#sql-server-recursive-cte-examples\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"sql-server-recursive-cte-examples\" title=\"Anchor for SQL Server Recursive CTE examples\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s take some examples of using recursive CTEs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='a-simple-sql-server-recursive-cte-example'>A) Simple SQL Server recursive CTE example <a href=\"#a-simple-sql-server-recursive-cte-example\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"a-simple-sql-server-recursive-cte-example\" title=\"Anchor for A) Simple SQL Server recursive CTE example\">#<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This example uses a recursive CTE to returns weekdays from <code>Monday<\/code> to <code>Saturday<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WITH<\/span> cte_numbers(n, <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">weekday<\/span>) \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> (\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n        <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span>, \n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DATENAME<\/span>(DW, <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span>)\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">UNION<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ALL<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>    \n        n + <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>, \n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DATENAME<\/span>(DW, n + <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>)\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>    \n        cte_numbers\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span> n &lt; <span class=\"hljs-number\">6<\/span>\n)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">weekday<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> \n    cte_numbers;\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Here is the result set:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"92\" height=\"154\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-Recursive-CTE-example.png\" alt=\"SQL Server Recursive CTE example\" class=\"wp-image-1594\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In this example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-date-functions\/sql-server-datename-function\/\">DATENAME()<\/a><\/code> function returns the name of the weekday based on a weekday number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The anchor member returns the <code>Monday<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n    <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span>, \n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DATENAME<\/span>(DW, <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span>)\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The recursive member returns the next day starting from the <code>Tuesday<\/code> till <code>Sunday<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>    \n        n + <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>, \n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DATENAME<\/span>(DW, n + <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>)\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>    \n        cte_numbers\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span> n &lt; <span class=\"hljs-number\">6<\/span>\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The condition in the <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-where\/\">WHERE<\/a><\/code> clause is the termination condition that stops the execution of the recursive member when n is 6<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">n &lt; 6\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='b-using-a-sql-server-recursive-cte-to-query-hierarchical-data'>B) Using a SQL Server recursive CTE to query hierarchical data <a href=\"#b-using-a-sql-server-recursive-cte-to-query-hierarchical-data\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"b-using-a-sql-server-recursive-cte-to-query-hierarchical-data\" title=\"Anchor for B) Using a SQL Server recursive CTE to query hierarchical data\">#<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>See the following <code>sales.staffs<\/code> table from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-sample-database\/\">sample database<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"219\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/staffs.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-149\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In this table, a staff reports to zero or one manager. A manager may have zero or more staffs. The top manager has no manager. The relationship is specified in the values of the <code>manager_id<\/code> column. If a staff does not report to any staff (in case of the top manager), the value in the <code>manager_id<\/code> is NULL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This example uses a recursive CTE to get all subordinates of the top manager who does not have a manager (or the value in the <code>manager_id<\/code> column is NULL):<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WITH<\/span> cte_org <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> (\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>       \n        staff_id, \n        first_name,\n        manager_id\n        \n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>       \n        sales.staffs\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span> manager_id <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">NULL<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">UNION<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ALL<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n        e.staff_id, \n        e.first_name,\n        e.manager_id\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> \n        sales.staffs e\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INNER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">JOIN<\/span> cte_org o \n            <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ON<\/span> o.staff_id = e.manager_id\n)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> * <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> cte_org;\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Here is the output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"209\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-Recursive-CTE-query-hierarchical-data.png\" alt=\"SQL Server Recursive CTE query hierarchical data\" class=\"wp-image-1595\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In this example, the anchor member gets the top manager and the recursive query returns subordinates of the top managers and subordinates of the top manager, and so on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this tutorial, you have learned how to use the SQL Server recursive CTE to query hierarchical data.<\/p>\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-question\">Was this tutorial helpful?<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-thumbs\">\n\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\tdata-post=\"1591\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-url=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-recursive-cte\/\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-title=\"SQL Server Recursive CTE\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-response=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"wth-btn-rounded 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