{"id":1244,"date":"2019-02-20T14:40:32","date_gmt":"2019-02-20T07:40:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/?page_id=1244"},"modified":"2024-04-03T16:28:26","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T09:28:26","slug":"sql-server-string_agg-function","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-string-functions\/sql-server-string_agg-function\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL Server STRING_AGG Function"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the SQL Server <code>STRING_AGG()<\/code> function to concatenate rows of strings into one string with a specified separator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='introduction-to-sql-server-string_agg-function'>Introduction to SQL Server STRING_AGG() function <a href=\"#introduction-to-sql-server-string_agg-function\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"introduction-to-sql-server-string_agg-function\" title=\"Anchor for Introduction to SQL Server STRING_AGG() function\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>STRING_AGG()<\/code> is an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-aggregate-functions\/\">aggregate function<\/a> that concatenates rows of strings into a single string, separated by a specified separator. It does not add the separator at the end of the result string.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the syntax of the <code>STRING_AGG()<\/code> function:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">STRING_AGG ( expression, separator ) &#91; order_clause ]<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>expression<\/code> is a value of any type that can be converted <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-varchar\/\">VARCHAR<\/a><\/code> and <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-basics\/sql-server-nvarchar\/\">NVARCHAR<\/a><\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>separator<\/code> is the separator for the result string. It can be a literal or variable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>order_clause<\/code> specifies the sort order of concatenated results using <code>WITHIN GROUP<\/code> clause.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the syntax of the <code>order_clause<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">WITHIN GROUP ( ORDER BY expression &#91; ASC | DESC ] )<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The <code>STRING_AGG()<\/code> function ignores NULL and does not add the separator for NULL when performing concatenation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='sql-server-string_agg-function-examples'>SQL Server STRING_AGG() function examples <a href=\"#sql-server-string_agg-function-examples\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"sql-server-string_agg-function-examples\" title=\"Anchor for SQL Server STRING_AGG() function examples\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We will use the <code>sales.customers<\/code> table from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-sample-database\/\">sample database<\/a> for the demonstration:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"181\" height=\"231\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/customers.png\" alt=\"customers\" class=\"wp-image-158\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='1-using-string_agg-function-to-generate-email-list'>1) Using STRING_AGG() function to generate email list <a href=\"#1-using-string_agg-function-to-generate-email-list\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"1-using-string_agg-function-to-generate-email-list\" title=\"Anchor for 1) Using STRING_AGG() function to generate email list\">#<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This example uses the <code>STRING_AGG()<\/code> function to generate lists of emails of customers by the city:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n    city, \n    STRING_AGG(email,<span class=\"hljs-string\">';'<\/span>) email_list\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n    sales.customers\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">GROUP<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n    city;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Here is the partial result set:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"423\" height=\"243\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-STRING_AGG-Function-Example.png\" alt=\"SQL Server STRING_AGG Function Example\" class=\"wp-image-1245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-STRING_AGG-Function-Example.png 423w, https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-STRING_AGG-Function-Example-300x172.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To sort the email list, you use the <code>WITHIN GROUP<\/code> clause:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n    city, \n    STRING_AGG(email,<span class=\"hljs-string\">';'<\/span>) \n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WITHIN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">GROUP<\/span> (<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> email) email_list\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n    sales.customers\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">GROUP<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n    city;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The following picture shows the partial output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"485\" height=\"223\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-STRING_AGG-Function-with-ORDER-BY-Example.png\" alt=\"SQL Server STRING_AGG Function with ORDER BY Example\" class=\"wp-image-1246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-STRING_AGG-Function-with-ORDER-BY-Example.png 485w, https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-STRING_AGG-Function-with-ORDER-BY-Example-300x138.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='2-using-string_agg-function-to-generate-a-list-of-customer-names-separated-into-new-lines'>2) Using STRING_AGG() function to generate a list of customer names separated into new lines <a href=\"#2-using-string_agg-function-to-generate-a-list-of-customer-names-separated-into-new-lines\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"2-using-string_agg-function-to-generate-a-list-of-customer-names-separated-into-new-lines\" title=\"Anchor for 2) Using STRING_AGG() function to generate a list of customer names separated into new lines\">#<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following example uses the <code>STRING_AGG()<\/code> to generate a list of customer names for customers in the CA state separated by newlines:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript\">SELECT\r\n  STRING_AGG (CONCAT_WS (<span class=\"hljs-string\">' '<\/span>, first_name, last_name), CHAR(<span class=\"hljs-number\">13<\/span>)) customer_names\r\nFROM\r\n  sales.customers\r\nWHERE\r\n  state = <span class=\"hljs-string\">'CA'<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><span><code class=\"hljs\">customer_names\n--------------\nKasha Todd\nTameka Fisher\nCharolette Rice\nCorene Wall\nJamaal Albert\n...<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>If you use SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS), you must switch the output to text using the Ctrl-T keyboard shortcut to display the newlines properly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this example, we concatenate the first name, space, and last name using the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-string-functions\/sql-server-concat_ws-function\/\">CONCAT_WS()<\/a> function and create a single output string using the <code>STRING_AGG()<\/code> function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='3-using-the-string_agg-function-with-the-group-by-clause'>3) Using the STRING_AGG() function with the GROUP BY clause <a href=\"#3-using-the-string_agg-function-with-the-group-by-clause\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"3-using-the-string_agg-function-with-the-group-by-clause\" title=\"Anchor for 3) Using the STRING_AGG() function with the GROUP BY clause\">#<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following statement retrieves the order id, the number of items in each order, and a list of product names for the corresponding order:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript\">SELECT\r\n  o.order_id,\r\n  COUNT(*) item_count,\r\n  STRING_AGG (p.product_name, <span class=\"hljs-string\">','<\/span>) WITHIN GROUP (\r\n    ORDER BY\r\n      product_name\r\n  ) product_list\r\nFROM\r\n  sales.orders o\r\n  INNER JOIN sales.order_items i ON i.order_id = o.order_id\r\n  INNER JOIN production.products p ON p.product_id = i.product_id\r\nGROUP BY\r\n  o.order_id;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The following example shows the partial output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1161\" height=\"275\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sql-server-string_agg-function-with-the-group-by-clause.png\" alt=\"SQL Server STRING_AGG function with the GROUP BY clause\" class=\"wp-image-3678\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sql-server-string_agg-function-with-the-group-by-clause.png 1161w, https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sql-server-string_agg-function-with-the-group-by-clause-300x71.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sql-server-string_agg-function-with-the-group-by-clause-768x182.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1161px) 100vw, 1161px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>How it works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Join the <code>orders<\/code>, <code>order_items<\/code>, and <code>products<\/code> tables using the <code>INNER JOIN<\/code> clauses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Group orders by order id using the <code>GROUP BY<\/code> clause.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Retrieve the number of items per order using the <code>COUNT(*)<\/code> function.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Concatenate the product names of the order using the <code>STRING_AGG()<\/code> function.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use the <code>STRING_AGG()<\/code> function to concatenate rows of strings into one string with a specified separator.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-question\">Was this tutorial helpful?<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-thumbs\">\n\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\tdata-post=\"1244\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-url=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-string-functions\/sql-server-string_agg-function\/\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-title=\"SQL Server STRING_AGG Function\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-response=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"wth-btn-rounded wth-yes-btn\"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<svg\n\t\t\t\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\t\t\t\tviewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"currentColor\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-linecap=\"round\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-linejoin=\"round\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"feather feather-thumbs-up block w-full 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