{"id":1174,"date":"2019-02-17T08:23:47","date_gmt":"2019-02-17T01:23:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/?page_id=1174"},"modified":"2024-03-02T20:56:02","modified_gmt":"2024-03-02T13:56:02","slug":"sql-server-concat_ws-function","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/sql-server-string-functions\/sql-server-concat_ws-function\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL Server CONCAT_WS() Function"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the SQL Server <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function to concatenate multiple strings into a single string with a specified separator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='overview-of-sql-server-concat_ws-function'>Overview of SQL Server CONCAT_WS() function <a href=\"#overview-of-sql-server-concat_ws-function\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"overview-of-sql-server-concat_ws-function\" title=\"Anchor for Overview of SQL Server CONCAT_WS() function\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function allows you to concatenate multiple strings into a string string with a specified separator. <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> means <em>concatenate with separator<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the syntax of the <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">CONCAT_WS(separator,string1,string2,&#91;...stringN]);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>separator<\/code>: The delimiter that you use to separate the concatenated strings. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>string1<\/code>, <code>string2<\/code>, &#8230;: The strings that you want to concatenate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function returns a single string formed by concatenating all the input strings with the specified separator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that the <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> requires at least two input strings. This means that if pass zero or one input string argument, the <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function will raise an error.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function treats NULL as an empty string of type <code>VARCHAR(1)<\/code>. It also does not add the separator between NULLs. Therefore, the <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function can cleanly join strings that may have blank values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='sql-server-concat_ws-function-examples'>SQL Server CONCAT_WS() function examples <a href=\"#sql-server-concat_ws-function-examples\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"sql-server-concat_ws-function-examples\" title=\"Anchor for SQL Server CONCAT_WS() function examples\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s take some examples of using the <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='1-using-the-concat_ws-function-to-join-literal-strings-with-a-separator'>1) Using the CONCAT_WS() function to join literal strings with a separator <a href=\"#1-using-the-concat_ws-function-to-join-literal-strings-with-a-separator\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"1-using-the-concat_ws-function-to-join-literal-strings-with-a-separator\" title=\"Anchor for 1) Using the CONCAT_WS() function to join literal strings with a separator\">#<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following example uses the <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function to join two literal strings into one using a space:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONCAT_WS<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">' '<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'John'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Doe'<\/span>) full_name;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Here is the output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><span><code class=\"hljs\">full_name\n---------\nJohn Doe\n\n(1 row affected)<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='2-using-the-concat_ws-function-with-table-data'>2) Using the CONCAT_WS() function with table data <a href=\"#2-using-the-concat_ws-function-with-table-data\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"2-using-the-concat_ws-function-with-table-data\" title=\"Anchor for 2) Using the CONCAT_WS() function with table data\">#<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following statement uses the <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function to join values in the last_name and first_name columns of the <code>sales.customers<\/code> table using a comma (,) as the separator:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n  first_name, \n  last_name, \n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONCAT_WS<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">', '<\/span>, last_name, first_name) full_name \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> \n  sales.customers \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> \n  first_name, \n  last_name;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The following picture shows the partial output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"247\" height=\"322\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-CONCAT_WS-by-example.png\" alt=\"SQL Server CONCAT_WS by example\" class=\"wp-image-1175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-CONCAT_WS-by-example.png 247w, https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-CONCAT_WS-by-example-230x300.png 230w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 247px) 100vw, 247px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='3-using-the-concat_ws-function-with-null'>3) Using the CONCAT_WS() function with NULL <a href=\"#3-using-the-concat_ws-function-with-null\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"3-using-the-concat_ws-function-with-null\" title=\"Anchor for 3) Using the CONCAT_WS() function with NULL\">#<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following statement demonstrates how the <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function handles input strings that have NULL values:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONCAT_WS<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">','<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-literal\">NULL<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-literal\">NULL<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span>);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The output is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><span><code class=\"hljs\">result\n----------------------------------------\n1,2,3\n\n(1 row affected)<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The output indicates that the <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function ignores NULL and doesn&#8217;t add the separator between NULL values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following example concatenates customer data to format customer&#8217;s addresses. If a customer does not have a phone number, the <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function ignores it:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONCAT_WS<\/span>\n    (\n        <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">CHAR<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-number\">13<\/span>), \n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONCAT<\/span>(first_name, <span class=\"hljs-string\">' '<\/span>, last_name), \n        phone, \n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONCAT<\/span>(city, <span class=\"hljs-string\">' '<\/span>, state), \n        zip_code,\n        <span class=\"hljs-string\">'---'<\/span>\n    ) customer_address\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> \n    sales.customers\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> \n    first_name, \n    last_name;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>This picture illustrates the partial output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"388\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-CONCAT_WS-with-NULL.png\" alt=\"SQL Server CONCAT_WS with NULL\" class=\"wp-image-1176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-CONCAT_WS-with-NULL.png 388w, https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-CONCAT_WS-with-NULL-275x300.png 275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 388px) 100vw, 388px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that you must change the result of the query from the grid to text to see the output in the above format:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"237\" height=\"60\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-CONCAT_WS-result-to-text.png\" alt=\"SQL Server CONCAT_WS result to text\" class=\"wp-image-1178\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='4-using-the-concat_ws-function-to-generate-csv-data'>4) Using the CONCAT_WS() function to generate CSV data <a href=\"#4-using-the-concat_ws-function-to-generate-csv-data\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"4-using-the-concat_ws-function-to-generate-csv-data\" title=\"Anchor for 4) Using the CONCAT_WS() function to generate CSV data\">#<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This statement uses a comma (,) as the separator and concatenates values in <code>first_name<\/code>, <code>last_name<\/code>, and <code>email<\/code> column to generate a CSV file:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CONCAT_WS<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">','<\/span>, first_name, last_name, email)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> \n    sales.customers\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> \n    first_name, \n    last_name;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The partial output is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"451\" height=\"284\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-CONCAT_WS-generate-CSV-file.png\" alt=\"SQL Server CONCAT_WS generate CSV file\" class=\"wp-image-1177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-CONCAT_WS-generate-CSV-file.png 451w, https:\/\/www.sqlservertutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/SQL-Server-CONCAT_WS-generate-CSV-file-300x189.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use the SQL Server <code>CONCAT_WS()<\/code> function to concatenate multiple strings into a single string with a specified separator.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div 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