{"id":1007,"date":"2016-05-20T10:44:52","date_gmt":"2016-05-20T03:44:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/?page_id=1007"},"modified":"2024-04-30T18:25:36","modified_gmt":"2024-04-30T11:25:36","slug":"sqlite-substr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/sqlite-functions\/sqlite-substr\/","title":{"rendered":"SQLite substr() function"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The SQLite <code>substr<\/code> function returns a substring from a string starting at a specified position with a predefined length.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Syntax<\/h2>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">substr( string, <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">start<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">length<\/span> )<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The starting position of the substring is determined by the <code>start<\/code> argument and its length is determined by the <code>length<\/code> argument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Arguments<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>substr()<\/code> function accepts three arguments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>string<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The string to be used to extract the substring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>start<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>start<\/code> argument is an integer that specifies the starting position of the returned substring. The <code>start<\/code> argument can be a positive or negative integer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If <code>start<\/code> is a positive integer, the \u00a0<code>substr()<\/code> function returns a substring\u00a0starting from the beginning of the string. The first character has an index of 1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If the <code>start<\/code>\u00a0is a negative integer, the returned substring consists of the <code>length<\/code> number of characters starting from the end of the <code>string<\/code>. The last character has an index of -1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>See the following picture of a sample string with the positive and negative <code>start<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"129\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/sqlite-substr.png\" alt=\"sqlite substr\" class=\"wp-image-1008\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/sqlite-substr.png 722w, https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/sqlite-substr-300x54.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>length<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>length<\/code> argument determines the length of the substring.&nbsp;The length argument is optional. If it is omitted, it is assumed to be the maximum positive integer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If any argument is NULL, the &nbsp;<code>substr()<\/code> function will return NULL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Return Type<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>TEXT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>See the following string:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"129\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/sqlite-substr.png\" alt=\"sqlite substr\" class=\"wp-image-1008\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/sqlite-substr.png 722w, https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/sqlite-substr-300x54.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The following statement extracts and returns a substring from the <code>SQLite substr<\/code> string:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">substr<\/span> (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'SQLite substr'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>,<span class=\"hljs-number\">6<\/span>);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript\">substr(<span class=\"hljs-string\">'SQLite substr'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">6<\/span>)\n-----------------------------\nSQLite<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The following statement returns a substring from a string using a negative <code>start<\/code> argument.<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">substr<\/span> (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'SQLite substr'<\/span>, - <span class=\"hljs-number\">6<\/span>,<span class=\"hljs-number\">6<\/span>);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">substr('SQLite substr', -6, 6)\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">-----------------------------<\/span>\nsubstr<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The following statement illustrates how to use the <code>substr()<\/code> function with a negative <code>length<\/code> argument.<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">substr<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">'SQLite substr'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">7<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">-6<\/span>)<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">substr('SQLite substr', 7, -6)\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">-----------------------------<\/span>\nSQLite<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The following statement demonstrates how to use the <code>substr<\/code> function with only the first two arguments, the <code>length<\/code> argument is omitted.<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">substr<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">'SQLite substr'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">8<\/span>);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-9\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">substr('SQLite substr', 8)\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">-----------------------------<\/span>\nsubstr<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-9\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The following statement returns all track names from the <code>tracks<\/code> table in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/sqlite-sample-database\/\">sample database<\/a>. It sorts the track names by their lengths:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"174\" height=\"224\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/tracks.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1558\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-10\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">Name<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  tracks\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LENGTH<\/span> (<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">name<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DESC<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-10\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Here is the partial output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"713\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/SQLite-substr.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2025\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/SQLite-substr.png 713w, https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/SQLite-substr-300x117.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The following statement uses the <code>substr()<\/code> function to get only the first 20 characters of the track names if the lengths of the names are more than 20; otherwise, it returns the whole names:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-11\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CASE<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHEN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LENGTH<\/span> (<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">Name<\/span>) &gt; <span class=\"hljs-number\">20<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">THEN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">substr<\/span> (<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">Name<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">20<\/span>) || <span class=\"hljs-string\">'...'<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ELSE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">Name<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> ShortName\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  tracks\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LENGTH<\/span> (<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">name<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DESC<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-11\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>This picture illustrates the partial output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"148\" height=\"275\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sqlitetutorial.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/SQLite-substr-example.png\" alt=\"SQLite substr example\" class=\"wp-image-2026\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that if the lengths of track names are greater than 20, they are concatenated with the string <code>\"...\"<\/code>.<\/p>\n<div 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