Terrestrial Magnetism:

i) Geographic Axis is a straight line passing through the

geographical poles of the earth. It is the axis of rotation of the
earth. It is also known as polar axis.
ii) Geographic Meridian at any place is a vertical plane passing
through the geographic north and south poles of the earth.
iii) Geographic Equator is a great circle on the surface of the earth, in
a plane perpendicular to the geographic axis. All the points on the
geographic equator are at equal distances from the geographic
poles.
iv) Magnetic Axis is a straight line passing through the magnetic
poles of the earth. It is inclined to Geographic Axis nearly at an
angle of 17°.
v) Magnetic Meridian at any place is a vertical plane passing through
the magnetic north and south poles of the earth.
vi) Magnetic Equator is a great circle on the surface of the earth, in a
plane perpendicular to the magnetic axis. All the points on the
magnetic equator are at equal distances from the magnetic poles.
ELEMENTS OF
It varies from place to place.
Lines shown on the map through the places that have the same declination are called isogonic line.
Line drawn through places that have zero declination is called an agonic line.
1. Magnetic Declination (θ): Geographic
The angle between the magnetic meridian and Meridian
BH
the geographic meridian at a place is Declination θ
at that place. δ
B BV
It varies from place to place.
Lines shown on the map through the places that
have the same declination are called isogonic
lines.
Magnetic Meridian
Line drawn through places that have zero
declination is called an agonic line.

2. Magnetic Dip or Dip angle or Magnetic Inclination (δ):

The angle between the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field and
the earth’s resultant magnetic field at a place is Dip or Inclination at that
place.
It is zero at the equator and 90° at the poles.
Lines drawn up on a map through places that have the same dip are called
isoclinic lines.
The line drawn through places that have zero dip is known as an aclinic line.
It is the magnetic equator.
3. Horizontal Component of Earth’s Magnetic Field (BH ):
The total intensity of the earth’s magnetic field does not lie in any
horizontal plane. Instead, it lies along the direction at an angle of dip (δ)
to the horizontal.
The component of the earth’s magnetic field along the horizontal at an
angle δ is called Horizontal Component of Earth’s Magnetic Field.

BH = B cos δ
Similarly Vertical Component is BV = B sin δ
such that Law:
Tangent B = √ BH2 + BV2 B2 B
If a magnetic needle is suspended in a region
where two uniform magnetic fields are
perpendicular to each other, the needle will N
align itself along the direction of the resultant
θ
field of the two fields at an angle θ such that B1
the tangent of the angle is the ratio of the two
fields.
tan θ = B2 / B1
Magnetic Intensity or Magnetising force (H):
i) Magnetic Intensity at a point is the force experienced by a north pole
of unit pole strength placed at that point due to pole strength of the
given magnet. H=B/μ
ii) It is also defined as the magnetomotive force per unit length.
iii) It can also be defined as the degree or extent to which a magnetic
field can magnetise a substance.
iv) It can also be defined as the force experienced by a unit positive
charge flowing with unit velocity in a direction normal to the
magnetic field.
v) Its SI unit is ampere-turns per linear metre.
vi) Its cgs unit is oersted.

Magnetic Field Strength or Magnetic Field or Magnetic Induction

or Magnetic Flux Density (B):
i) Magnetic Flux Density is the number of magnetic lines of force
passing normally through a unit area of a substance. B = μ H
ii) Its SI unit is weber-m-2 or Tesla (T).
iii) Its cgs unit is gauss. 1 gauss = 10- 4 Tesla
Magnetic Flux (Φ):
i) It is defined as the number of magnetic lines of force
passing normally through a surface.
ii) Its SI unit is weber.

Relation between B and H:

B=μH (where μ is the permeability of the medium)

Magnetic Permeability (μ):

It is the degree or extent to which magnetic lines of force
can pass enter a substance.
Its SI unit is T m A-1 or wb A-1 m-1 or H m-1

Relative Magnetic Permeability (μr):

It is the ratio of magnetic flux density in a material to that in vacuum.
It can also be defined as the ratio of absolute permeability of the material
to that in vacuum.
μr = B / B0 or μr = μ / μ0
Intensity of Magnetisation: (I):
i) It is the degree to which a substance is magnetised when placed in a
magnetic field.
ii) It can also be defined as the magnetic dipole moment (M) acquired per
unit volume of the substance (V).
iii) It can also be defined as the pole strength (m) per unit cross-sectional
area (A) of the substance.
iv) I = M / V
v) I = m(2l) / A(2l) = m / A
vi) SI unit of Intensity of Magnetisation is A m-1.

Magnetic Susceptibility (χ ):
i) It is the property of the substance which shows how easily a substance
can be magnetised.
ii) It can also be defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetisation (I) in a
substance to the magnetic intensity (H) applied to the substance.

iii)χ = I / H Susceptibility has no unit.

Relation between Magnetic Permeability (μr) & Susceptibility (χ ):

μr = 1 + χ
 Comparison of Dia, Para and Ferro Magnetic materials:
DIA PARA FERRO
1. Diamagnetic Paramagnetic substances Ferromagnetic substances
substances are those are those substances are those substances
substances which are which are feebly attracted which are strongly
feebly repelled by a by a magnet. attracted by a magnet.
magnet. Eg. Aluminium, Chromium, Eg. Iron, Cobalt, Nickel,
Eg. Antimony, Bismuth, Alkali and Alkaline earth Gadolinium, Dysprosium,
Copper, Gold, Silver, metals, Platinum, Oxygen, etc.
Quartz, Mercury, Alcohol, etc.
water, Hydrogen, Air,
Argon, etc.

2. When placed in The lines of force prefer to The lines of force tend to
magnetic field, the lines of pass through the crowd into the specimen.
force tend to avoid the substance rather than air.
substance.

N S
S N S N
2. When placed in non- When placed in non- When placed in non-
uniform magnetic field, it uniform magnetic field, it uniform magnetic field, it
moves from stronger to moves from weaker to moves from weaker to
weaker field (feeble stronger field (feeble stronger field (strong
repulsion). attraction). attraction).

3. When a diamagnetic When a paramagnetic rod When a paramagnetic rod

rod is freely suspended in is freely suspended in a is freely suspended in a
a uniform magnetic field, it uniform magnetic field, it uniform magnetic field, it
aligns itself in a direction aligns itself in a direction aligns itself in a direction
perpendicular to the field. parallel to the field. parallel to the field very
quickly.

N S N S N S
4. If diamagnetic liquid If paramagnetic liquid If ferromagnetic liquid
taken in a watch glass is taken in a watch glass is taken in a watch glass is
placed in uniform placed in uniform placed in uniform
magnetic field, it collects magnetic field, it collects magnetic field, it collects
away from the centre at the centre when the at the centre when the
when the magnetic poles magnetic poles are closer magnetic poles are closer
are closer and collects at and collects away from and collects away from
the centre when the the centre when the the centre when the
magnetic poles are magnetic poles are magnetic poles are
farther. farther. farther.
5. When a diamagnetic When a paramagnetic When a ferromagnetic
substance is placed in a substance is placed in a substance is placed in a
magnetic field, it is magnetic field, it is magnetic field, it is
weakly magnetised in the weakly magnetised in the strongly magnetised in
direction opposite to the direction of the inducing the direction of the
inducing field. field. inducing field.

6. Induced Dipole Induced Dipole Moment Induced Dipole Moment

Moment (M) is a small (M) is a small + ve value. (M) is a large + ve value.
– ve value.

7. Intensity of Intensity of Magnetisation Intensity of Magnetisation

Magnetisation (I) has a (I) has a small + ve value. (I) has a large + ve value.
small – ve value.

8. Magnetic permeability Magnetic permeability μ is Magnetic permeability μ is

μ is always less than more than unity. large i.e. much more than
unity. unity.
 9. Magnetic susceptibility
Magnetic susceptibility cm Magnetic susceptibility cm
cm has a small – ve value. has a small + ve value. has a large + ve value.

10. They do not obey They obey Curie’s Law. They obey Curie’s Law. At
Curie’s Law. i.e. their They lose their magnetic a certain temperature
properties do not change properties with rise in called Curie Point, they
with temperature. temperature. lose ferromagnetic
properties and behave
like paramagnetic
substances.

Curie’s Law:
Magnetic susceptibility of a material varies inversely
with the absolute temperature.
IαH/T or I/Hα1/T
cm α 1 / T
I
cm = C / T (where C is Curie constant)
Curie temperature for iron is 1000 K, for cobalt 1400 K
and for nickel 600 K.
H/T
Hysteresis Loop or Magnetisation Curve:
Intensity of Magnetisation (I) increases with increase I A
in Magnetising Force (H) initially through OA and B
reaches saturation at A.
When H is decreased, I decreases but it does not
come to zero at H = 0.
The residual magnetism (I) set up in the material C O F H
represented by OB is called Retentivity.
To bring I to zero (to demagnetise completely), E
opposite (negative) magnetising force is applied.
D
This magetising force represented by OC is called
coercivity.
After reaching the saturation level D, when the
Hysteresis Loop
magnetising force is reversed, the curve closes to
the point A completing a cycle.
The loop ABCDEFA is called Hysteresis Loop.
The area of the loop gives the loss of energy due to
the cycle of magnetisation and demagnetisation and
is dissipated in the form of heat.
The material (like iron) having thin loop is used for
making temporary magnets and that with thick loop
(like steel) is used for permanent magnets.