Operating System

Jimma University
Jimma institute of Technology College
Department of Computer Science

Operating System
 Lecture One

Overview

Jiimma Institute of Technology College Jimma University

 Outline
3

What is operating
system?
Operating System
Functionalities
Goals of Operating
System?
History of Operating
System?
Operating System Service and
Structure
Types of Operating
System

12/05/2025
 What is an operating system?
4

 An Operating System is a program that:

 controls the execution of application programs,

 acts an intermediary between the user of a
computer and computer hardware.
 An operating system is a program or
software that manages the computer
hardware.
 OS simplifies and manages the complexity of
running application programs efficiently.
12/05/2025
 Cont’d…
5
 A more common definition is that:

 the operating system is the one program running at all

times on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all
else being applications programs.
 An OS is concerned with the allocation of resources and

services, such as memory, processors, devices and information.

 The Operating System correspondingly includes programs to

manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a

scheduler, memory management module, I/O programs,
and a file system
 Modern Operating System
Functionality
6
 Booting: An OS manages the start-up of a device.
 Concurrency: Multiple processes active at once, cpu
scheduling
 Processor Management – Scheduling: Fairness,
Priorities
 Memory Management: Allocate memory to processes
 Storage Management – File system:
 Disk/Device Management: manages computer drives
 Data security: An OS protects your data from
cyberattacks.
 Loading and execution: An OS starts and executes a
program.
 Device control:The OS uses device drivers to control and
coordinate input/output devices, ensuring proper operation and
communication. 12/05/2025
Operating System
Functionality …
7

12/05/2025
 Operating System
Functionality …
8

 Process Management:
 A process is a program in execution.
 A process needs certain resources, including CPU
time, memory, files, and I/O devices to accomplish its
task.
 creation, execution and termination of a process are
the most basic functionality of an OS.
 Controlling the progress of processes.
 Based on priority, it is important to allow more
important processes to execute first than others.
12/05/2025
 Operating System
Functionality …
9

 Memory Management:
 Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its
own address.
 The OS is responsible for the following activities in
connections with memory management:
 Keep track of which parts of memory are currently
being used and by whom.
 Decide which processes to load when memory space
becomes available.
 Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed.
12/05/2025
 Operating System
Functionality …
10
 File Management:
 File systems provide the conventions for the encoding,
storage and management of data on a storage device such as
a hard disk.
 The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connections with file management:
✦ File creation and deletion.
✦ Directory creation and deletion.
✦ Protection and security of the files.
✦ Mapping files onto secondary storage.
✦ File backup on stable (non-volatile) storage media.
12/05/2025
 Operating System
Functionality …
11

 Device Management or I/O Management:

 Device controllers are components on the motherboard (or
on expansion cards) that act as an interface between the CPU
and the actual device.
 It performs the following activities for device
management.
 Keeps tracks of all devices connected to system.
 Decides which process gets access to a certain device and
for how long.
 Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way.
 Deallocates devices when they are no longer required
12/05/2025
 Operating System
Functionality …
12

 Security and Protection

 The OS uses password protection to protect user
data and similar other techniques.
 It also prevents unauthorized access to programs
and user data by assigning access right permission
to files and directories.

12/05/2025
 Operating System
Functionality …
13

 User Interface Mechanism

 A user interface (UI) controls how you enter data and
instructions and how information is displayed on the
screen
 There are two types of user interfaces
1. Command Line Interface(CLI)

2. Graphical user Interface(GUI)

12/05/2025
 Goal of Operating System
14

 Simplify the execution of user programs

 make solving user problems easier

 Make the computer system convenient to use

 Use the computer hardware in an efficient

manner
 Provide isolation, security and protection
among user programs.
 Improve overall system reliability
12/05/2025
 Why Should I Study Operating
System?
15
Need to understand interaction between
the hardware and applications.
 New applications, new hardware.
Need to understand basic principles in
the design of computer systems
 efficient resource management, security, flexibility
Increasing need for specialized operating
systems
 e.g. embedded operating systems for devices - cell
phones, sensors and controllers
 real-time operating systems – vehicles, aircraft control,
multimedia service
12/05/2025
Systems Today
16

12/05/2025
Systems Today…
17

12/05/2025
Operating systems are
everywhere
18

12/05/2025
Operating systems are
everywhere …
19

12/05/2025
 Structure of Computer System
20
 Hardware
 Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O Devices, etc,
 Software (Operating System)
 Software includes process management routines,
memory management routines, I/O control
routines, file management routines.
 System Program
 This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers,
linker etc.
 Application Program
 This is dependent on users need.
Ex. Railway reservation system,
Bank database management etc.

12/05/2025
Cont’d… (abstract view of system)
21

12/05/2025
Cont’d… (computer hardware
organization)
22

12/05/2025
Cont’d… (computer hardware
organization)
23

12/05/2025
Cont’d… (computer hardware
organization)
24

12/05/2025
 Kernel and User Mode Programs
25
 Typical functionality implemented in either mode:

Kernel:
 is the core inner component that processes data at the
hardware level. It handles input-output management,
memory and process management.
 Memory resident
 CPU-, memory-, Input/output management
 Multiprocessor management, diagnosis, test
 Parts of file system and of the networking interface
User Space:
 is the outer layer that manages the interaction between the
user and the OS.
 The shell communicates with the OS by either taking the
input from the user or a shell script. Is a sequence of system
commands that are stored in a file.
 Simpler maintenance and debugging 12/05/2025
 Operating System Components
26
 Shell: Communicates with users
 Text based (CLI)
 Graphical user interface (GUI)
 Kernel: Performs basic required functions
 File Manager
 Device Drivers
 Memory Manager
 Process Manager (Scheduler, Dispatcher, etc..)
 The shell as an interface between users and the operating
system

12/05/2025
 History of Operating System
27
 Operating systems have been evolving through the
years.
 Following table shows the history of OS.

12/05/2025
 History of Operating System…
28
 It all started with computer hardware in about
1940s

ENIAC 1943

12/05/2025
 History of Operating System…
29
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer), at the U.S. Army's Aberdeen
Proving Ground in Maryland
 built in the 1940s, weighed 30 tons,
 was eight feet high, three feet deep, and 100 feet long
 contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes that were cooled by 80
air blowers
Computers were using vacuum tube technology

ENIAC’s
Vacuum Tubes

12/05/2025
 History of Operating System…
30
 ENIAC Back Side

Programs were loaded into memory manually

using switches, punched cards, or paper tapes.

12/05/2025
History of Operating System…
31

12/05/2025
History of Operating System…
32

12/05/2025
History of Operating System…
33

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System
34

Operating System can also be classified as,-

1. Batch OS
2. Multi programming OS
3. Multi Processing OS
4. Multi Tasking OS
5. Network OS
6. Real-Time OS (RTOS)
7. Time Sharing OS
8. Distributed OS
9. Single User/Multi user Systems

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
35
1. Batch Operating System
 In the 1970s, Batch processing was very popular.
 The users of this type of OS does not interact with the
computer directly.
 Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch
cards and submits it to the computer operator
 There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same
requirement and group them into batches.

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
36
 Advantages of Batch OS
 Multiple users can share the batch systems

 The idle time for the batch system is very less

 Disadvantages of Batch OS
 Starvation
 For Example: -->There are five jobs J1, J2, J3, J4, and J5, present in the
batch. If the execution time of J1 is very high, then the other four jobs will
never be executed, or they will have to wait for a very long time.
 Hard to debug
 Sometimes costly
 Not Interactive
 Examples of Batch based Operating System
 IBM’s MVS

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
37
2. Multiprogramming Operating System
 This type of OS is used to execute more than one jobs
simultaneously by a single processor.
 Each process needs two types of system time: CPU time and
I/O time.
 In a multiprogramming environment, when a process does its
I/O, The CPU can start the execution of other processes.
 Therefore, multiprogramming improves the efficiency of the system.

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
38
Advantages of Multiprogramming OS
 Throughout the system, it increased as the CPU always had
one program to execute.
 Each task gets an equal opportunity
 Response time can also be reduced.
 CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Multiprogramming OS
 Multiprogramming systems provide an environment in which
various systems resources are used efficiently, but they do
not provide any user interaction with the computer
system.
Examples of Time-Sharing Oss
 Multics, Unix, etc.

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
39
3. Multiprocessing Operating System
 There are more than one processors present in the system
which can execute more than one process at the same
time.
 This will increase the throughput of the system.

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
40
 Advantages of Multiprocessing operating system:
 Increased reliability: Due to the multiprocessing
system, processing tasks can be distributed among
several processors.
 This increases reliability as if one processor fails, the task can
be given to another processor for completion.
 Increased throughput: As several processors
increase, more work can be done in less.

 Disadvantages of Multiprocessing operating System

 Multiprocessing operating system is:
 more complex and sophisticated as it takes care of multiple
CPUs simultaneously.
 Example: Unix OS

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
41
4. Multitasking Operating System

 The multitasking operating system is a logical

extension of a multiprogramming system:
 that enables multiple programs simultaneously.
 It allows a user to perform more than one computer task
at the same time.
12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
42
 Advantages of Multitasking operating system
 This OS is more suited to supporting multiple users
simultaneously.
 The multitasking operating systems have well-

defined memory management.

 Disadvantages of Multitasking operating system

 The multiple processors are busier at the same time
to complete any task in a multitasking environment,
so the CPU generates more heat.

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
43
5. Network Operating System

 An Operating system, which includes software and

associated protocols to communicate with other
computers via a network conveniently and cost-
effectively.

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
44
 Advantages of Network Operating System
 network traffic reduces due to the division between
clients and the server.
 less expensive to set up and maintain.

 Disadvantages of Network Operating System

 the failure of any node in a system affects the whole
system.
 Security and performance are important issues. So
trained network administrators are required for
network administration

 Example
 UNIX, Linux, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, Microsoft Windows Server 2003
12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
45
6. Real Time Operating System

 The Application of a Real-Time system exists in the

case of military applications, if you want to drop a
missile, then the missile is supposed to be dropped
with a certain precision.

12/05/2025
Types of Operating System …
46

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
47
 Advantages of Real-time operating system:
 Easy to layout, develop and execute real-time
applications under the real-time operating system.

 Disadvantages of Real-time operating system:

 very costly to develop.
 are very complex
 can consume critical CPU cycles.

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
48
7. Time-Sharing Operating System
 In the Time Sharing operating system, computer
resources are allocated in a time-dependent
fashion to several programs simultaneously. Thus
it helps to provide a large number of user's direct
access to the main computer.
 It is a logical extension of multiprogramming. In
time-sharing, the CPU is switched among multiple
programs given by different users on a scheduled
basis.

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
49
 Advantages of Time Sharing Operating System
 provides effective utilization and sharing of
resources.
 This system reduces CPU idle and response time.

 Disadvantages of Time Sharing Operating

System
 Data transmission rates are very high in comparison

to other methods.
 Security and integrity of user programs loaded in

memory and data need to be maintained as many

users access the system at the same time.

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
50
8. Distributed Operating System
 The Distributed Operating system is not installed on
a single machine, it is divided into parts, and these
parts are loaded on different machines.
 A part of the distributed Operating system is installed
on each machine to make their communication
possible. Distributed Operating systems are much
more complex, large, and sophisticated than Network
operating systems because they also have to take care
of varying networking protocols.

12/05/2025
 Types of Operating System…
51
 Advantages of Distributed Operating System
 provides sharing of resources.
 This type of system is fault-tolerant.

 Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

 Protocol overhead can dominate computation cost

12/05/2025
Other Types of Operating System
52

12/05/2025
Types of Operating System …
53

12/05/2025
Types of Operating System …
54

12/05/2025
Types of Operating System …
55

12/05/2025
 Popular Types of Operating System
56
 Desktop Class
 Windows
 OS X
 Unix/Linux
 Chrome OS
 Server Class
 Windows Server
 Mac OS X Server
 Unix/Linux
 Mobile Class
 Android
 iOS
 Windows Phone
12/05/2025
End of Chapter One

12/05/2025