MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE BODIES

STRAIN
ENGR. JERUSA V. ORBON
INSTRUCTOR
 STRAIN
- is the amount of deformation experienced by the
body in the direction of force applied, divided by the
initial dimensions of the body.
Wherein:
𝜹 - Strain
𝜺=
𝑳 - deformation
- original length

𝜎 =𝜀
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
 Relations Between Stress and Strain
𝑃 𝑃𝑣
Normal 𝜎= Shear 𝜎 𝑣=
𝐴 𝐴
Stress Stress

𝛿 𝛿𝑣
Normal 𝜖= Shear 𝜖 𝑣=
𝐿 𝐿
Strain Strain
Modulus of Modulus of
Elasticity Rigidity
𝜎 𝜎𝑣
𝐸= 𝐺=
𝜖 𝜖𝑣

Apply Cross Multiplication Apply Cross Multiplication

𝜎 =𝐸 𝜖 Hooke’s Law 𝜎 𝑣 =𝐺 𝜖𝑣

By By
Substitution 𝑃
𝐴
=𝐸
𝛿
𝐿 ( )
Substitution 𝑃 𝑣
𝐴
=𝐺
𝛿𝑣
𝐿 ( )
Simplified: Simplified:
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝑣 𝐿
𝛿= 𝛿𝑣 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐺
 Involved Equations

Hooke’s Law
Where:
𝜎 =ϵ 𝐸 =axial stress
𝜎 𝑣 =ϵ 𝑣 𝐺=𝛾 𝐺 =axial strain
Axial/Normal Deformation =modulus of

𝛿 elasticity
𝜖=
𝐿 =modulus of rigidity
𝑃𝐿 shearing stress
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸 =shearing strain

Shearing Deformation =original length

𝛿𝑣 =change of length
𝜖 𝑣= γ =
𝐿 along the longitudinal

𝑃𝑣 𝐿 axis
𝛿𝑣 =
𝐴𝐺 =change of length
along the lateral axis
 Relative/Total Displacement
-it refers to the algebraic sum of displacements occurred
from reference to desired point of the object
Formula:
𝛿𝑅 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒=𝛿𝑅/ 𝐷 =𝛿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

Stiffness
-It is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body
to the resulting displacement. It has the unit of N/mm.

Formula:
𝑘= 𝑃 / 𝛿

Where:
=stiffness
=steady force
=displacement
AXIAL DEEFORMATION
Problem 18
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm^2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass
of steel is 7850 kg/m^3 and E = 200 × 10^3 MN/m^2, find the total elongation of the rod.
Solution:

150 𝑚

𝑃=20 𝑘𝑁
Problem 19
A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the
weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed
20 ksi and the total elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 10^6
psi.
Solution:

30 𝑓𝑡

𝑃=500 𝑙𝑏
Problem 20
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in^2 carries the axial loads
applied at the positions shown in the figure. Compute the total change in length
of the bar if E = 10 × 10^6 psi. Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent
lateral buckling.
Solution:

2
𝐴=0.5 𝑖𝑛

6000 𝑙𝑏 7000 𝑙𝑏 5 000 𝑙𝑏 4000 𝑙𝑏

3 𝑓𝑡 5 𝑓𝑡 4 𝑓𝑡
Problem 21
A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown. Axial loads are
applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an overall
deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the
bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to
prevent buckling. Use E_st = 200 GPa, E_al = 70 GPa, and E_br = 83 GPa.
Solution:

Steel Bronze Aluminum

2 2 2
480 𝑚𝑚650 𝑚𝑚320 𝑚𝑚
𝑃 3𝑃 4𝑃 2𝑃
1.0 𝑚 2.0𝑚 1.5 𝑚
Problem 22
The rigid bar ABC shown in the figure is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at
B. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel
rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed 0.10
in.
Solution:

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝐿=4 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐴=0.50 𝑖𝑛6
𝐸=29 𝑥 10 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡
𝑃
 Problem 23
The rigid bars AB and CD shown in the figure are supported by pins at A and C and
the two rods. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its
vertical movement is limited to 5 mm. Neglect the weights of all members.
Solution:

𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 FBD for bar AB force:

𝑅 𝐴𝑙
𝐿=2 𝑚 2
𝐴=500 𝑚𝑚
𝐸=70 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐴3 𝑚 3 𝑚 𝐵𝐿=2𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑚 𝐴3𝑚 3𝑚 𝐵
2
𝐴=300𝑚𝑚
𝐸=200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐶 3𝑚 3𝑚 𝐷 ↻+ Σ 𝑀 𝐴 =0
𝑅 𝑆𝑡

𝑃 𝑅 𝑆𝑡 ( 6 ) − 𝑅 𝐴𝑙 ( 3 )=0
𝑅 𝐴𝑙=2 𝑅 𝑆𝑡
 FBD for bar AB deformation: FBD for bar CD force:
𝑅 𝑆𝑡
3𝑚 3𝑚
𝛿 𝐴𝑙 𝛿𝑆𝑡 ,1
𝐴
𝐵
𝐶 3𝑚 3𝑚 𝐷
𝛿 𝑆𝑡 ,1 𝛿 𝐴𝑙
= ; 𝛿 𝑆𝑡 ,1 =2 𝛿 𝐴𝑙
6 3
↻+ Σ 𝑀 𝐶 =0
𝑃
𝛿 𝑆𝑡 ,1 =2 𝛿 𝐴𝑙 𝑃 ( 3 ) − 𝑅 𝑆𝑡 ( 6 )= 0
2 𝑅 𝑆𝑡2 ( 1000 ) 𝑅 𝑆𝑡 =0.5 𝑃

𝛿𝑆𝑡 ,1 =2 ( )
𝑅 𝐴𝑙 𝐿 𝑅 𝑆𝑡
¿
𝐴𝐸 4375
FBD for bar CD deformation:

3𝑚 3𝑚
50070,000 5 𝑚𝑚 𝛿𝑆𝑡 ,1 + 𝛿𝑆𝑡 , 2
𝐶
𝐷
𝛿 𝑆𝑡 ,1 + 𝛿 𝑆𝑡 ,2 ; 5
= 𝛿 𝑆𝑡 ,1 + 𝛿 𝑆𝑡 , 2=1 0
6 3
 𝛿 𝑆𝑡 ,1 + 𝛿 𝑆𝑡 , 2=1 0
0.5 𝑃
𝑅𝑆𝑡 0.5 𝑃2 ( 1000 )
𝑅𝑆𝑡 𝐿
4375
𝐴𝐸
300
200,000

𝑷 =𝟕𝟔, 𝟑𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟒 𝑵
Assignment No. 3
1. The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown below, is
horizontal before the load P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if
its magnitude is 50 kN.
Solution:
FBD for bar AC force:
𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐶
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

3.5 𝑚 2 .5 𝑚

50 𝑘𝑁

↻+ Σ 𝑀 𝐴 =0=50 ( 3.5 ) − 𝑃 𝐶 ( 6)
𝑃 𝐶 =29.17 𝑘𝑁
+ Σ 𝐹 𝐻 =0=29.17 + 𝑃 𝐴 −50

𝑃 𝐴 =20.83 𝑘𝑁
 𝑃 𝐴 𝐿𝐴
𝛿 𝐴= 𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐶
𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐴
𝐴 3.5 𝑚 𝐵 2 .5 𝑚 𝐶
3 3
20.83 𝑥 10 (3 𝑥 10
𝛿
) 𝐴
𝛿 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
=1.79 𝑚𝑚
𝛿 𝐶 =1.95 𝑚𝑚
𝛿 𝐴= 𝛿 𝑃

500 ( 70 𝑥 10 ) ∗ ¿ ¿
9
50 𝑘𝑁
𝛿 𝐴=1.79 𝑚𝑚
(1.95 − 1.79 ) 𝛿𝑃
=
6 3.5

𝑃 𝐶 𝐿𝐶 𝛿 𝑃 =0.09 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝐶 =
𝐴 𝐶 𝐸𝐶
𝛿 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.09 +1.79
3 3
29.17 𝑥 10 ( 4 𝑥 10 ) 𝜹 𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 =𝟏 . 𝟖𝟖 𝒎
𝛿 𝐴=
300 ( 20 0 𝑥 10 ) ∗ ¿ ¿
9

𝛿 𝐴=1.95 𝑚𝑚