ECEE2

Advanced Networking

Networking Fundamentals
What is a Network?
 A network refers to two or more connected computers that can share
resources such as data, a printer, an Internet connection, applications,
or a combination of these resources.
Types of Networks
 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

 LAN is a network that usually connects a small group of computers in a given

geographical area. MAN is a comparatively wider network that covers large
regions- like towns, cities, etc. The WAN network spans to an even larger
locality. It has the capacity to connect various countries together.
 WAN Technologies
 Leased Line

 Circuit-switched
WAN Technologies
 Frame-Relay

 Broadband Access
Network Topologies:
Bus Topology

An example of Bus topology is the Ethernet Connection

 Network Topologies:
Star Topology

Nowadays, many institutes, airports, hospitals, and banks are places where
you can easily find star topology as the most commonly used network
connection. In star topology, each device in the network completely depends
on the central hub, i.e. if the hub fails, the whole network fails.
Network Topologies: Extended Star
Topology
 Physical Media Types
 Twisted-Pair

 Coaxial

 Fiber Optics
 Subscriber Connector
 SC fiber-optic cable connectors are widely used in optical network
applications, such as internet and cable TV. The name comes from the shape
(square connector), although it is actually a rectangular connector. The name
may also refer to standard connector, subscriber connector, or stick-and-click
connector.
 LC connectors (AKA: Lucent, Little, or Local connectors) are designed as a
push-pull connector that locks in place with a latch to secure the cable. At
about half the size of SC connectors, LC is now the preferred choice for high-
density connections. On equipment without a lot of space, their size is a key
advantage+
 The FC connector was originally called a "Field Assembly Connector
Physical Media Types
Physical Media Comparison
 Hub or Repeater
 A hub (concentrator) is a device that repeats the signals it receives on
one port to all other ports. It is a central connection point for several
network devices.
Switch
 When a switch receives data the switch examines the data link header
for the MAC address of the destination station and forwards it to the
correct port. This opens a path between ports that can use the full
bandwidth of the topology.
 MAC Address
 The network interface card address, called the hardware address, is
protocol-independent and is usually assigned at the factory. This address
is technically called the media access control address (MAC) because it
is found on the MAC sub layer of the Data Link layer.
The OSI Model
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

The Transport layer is charge of the

reliable/unreliable transport of data.
It can be implemented as TCP or UDP.
Transmission Control Protocol and
User datagram protocol
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

The network layer provides

connectivity and path selection
between two host systems that may
be located on geographically
separated networks
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

Data Link layer protocols create,

transmit, and receive packets. This
layer is also responsible for logical
MAC addressing and LLC
processing, creating logical
topologies, and controlling media
access
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
Layer 1 – The Physical Layer-
Transporting bits

 L1 technologies: Cable, wifi, repeaters and hub.

 The physical layer of the OSI model defines connector and interface
specifications, as well as the medium (cable) requirements. Electrical,
mechanical, functional, and procedural specifications are provided for sending a
bit stream on a computer network.
 Layer 2 – The Data Link Layer-
interacts with the wire: Hop to Hop
 The physical layer of the OSI model defines connector and interface
specifications, as well as the medium (cable) requirements. Electrical,
mechanical, functional, and procedural specifications are provided for
sending a bit stream on a computer network.
 Addressing scheme – MAC address
 48 Bits, represented as 12 hex digits
 L2 technologies; NIC , switches
 NIC – Network interface card
 Bridges
 Layer 3 – The Network Layer – End to
end
 Addressing scheme- Ip addresses
 32 bits represented as 4 octets, each 0-25
 L3 technologies: routers, Hosts, anything with Ip
 ARP – Address Resolution Protocol
 Links L3 address to a L2 address
 Layer 4 – Transport – Service to
service

 Distinguish data streams

 Addressing scheme – ports
 0-65535 – TCP – favors reliablity
 0-65535- UDP – favors efficiency
 Layer 5, 6, 7 – Session, Presentation,
Application
 Distinction between these layers is somewhat vague
other networking models combine these into one layer
 L1 – L4 are most important to understand how data flows
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a
OSI model communications standard that enables application
programs and computing devices to exchange
messages over a network. It is designed to send
packets across the internet and ensure the successful
delivery of data and messages over networks.

IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is

the set of rules governing the format of
data sent via the internet or local
network. In essence, IP addresses are the
identifier that allows information to be
sent between devices on a network: they
contain location information and make
Network Devices

 Host
 Ip Address
 Network
 Repeater
 Hub
 Bridge
 Switch
 Router
Network Devices

 Host are any

device which
sends or receive
traffic. Clients and
Servers
Network Devices

 IP address is the
identity of the host
Network  Network is what
Devices transports traffic between
Hosts. Anytime two hosts
are connected , you have
a network
Network  Repeater regenerate
Devices signals
Hub are simply multi-port Repeaters
Bridge sit between Hub- connected
hosts
Switches are a combination of Hubs and Bridges
Multiple ports
Learns which hosts are on each port
Router facilitate communication between networks.
Provides a traffic control point (security,filtering and
redirecting)
 Router Switch

The main objective of router is to connect While the main objective of switch is to
1. various networks simultaneously. connect various devices simultaneously.

2. It works in network layer. While it works in data link layer.

3. Router is used by LAN as well as MAN. While switch is used by only LAN.

Through the router, data is sent in the form of While through switch data is sent in the form
4. packets. of frame.

There is less collision taking place in the While there is no collision taking place in full
5. router. duplex switch.

6.
Router VS.
Router is compatible with NAT. While it is not compatible with NAT.

Router is a relatively much more expensive Switch is an expensive device than hub. but
7.
Switch
device than switch. cheaper than router.

maximum speed for wireless is 1-10 Mbps and

8. maximum speed for wired connections is 100 Maximum speed is 10Mbps to 100Mbps.
Mbps.

Router needs at least two networks to Switch needs at least 1 single network to
9. connect. connect.

The types of routing are: The types of switching are: Circuit, Packet,
10. Adaptive and Non-adaptive routing. and Message Switching.
TY!