GRADE 7

Chapter- 19
Light, Mirrors
and
Lenses
 Light, Mirrors and Lenses:
• Rays:
Single lines of light is known as
Rays.
• Beam:
A collection of rays of light is
known as Beam.
• Rectilinear Propagation of
Light:
The phenomenon by virtue of
which light travels along a straight
path is known as Rectilinear
Propagation of Light.
• Reflection of Light:
The phenomenon in which the
incident light is sent back to the
same medium where from it came
by a reflecting surface is known as
Reflection of Light.
 Light, Mirrors and Lenses:
• Regular Reflection:
The type of reflection in which
when parallel rays of light fall on
a smooth, even surface, the
reflected rays are also parallel to
each other is known as Regular
Reflection.
e.g. Polished Metal surfaces,
Mirrors etc.
• Irregular or Diffuse Reflection:
The type of reflection in which
when parallel rays of light fall on
an uneven surface, the reflected
rays get scattered in all directions
is known as Irregular Reflection.
e.g. Soil surface, Rough floor etc.
.
 Light, Mirrors and Lenses:
• Real Image:
The image which is formed by the
actual intersection of the reflected or
refracted rays of light is known as
Real Image.
Real images can be obtained on a
screen.
e.g. Image formed by a Concave
Mirror, Image formed by a Convex
lens.
• Virtual Image:
The image which is formed by the
intersection of the extended reflected
or refracted rays of light is known as
Virtual Image.
Virtual images can not be obtained
on a screen.
e.g. Image formed by a Convex
Mirror, Image formed by a Concave
lens.
.
 Self Assessment-1
1. What is a Ray of Light?
2. What is a Beam of Light?
3. What is Rectilinear Propagation of Light?
4. What is Reflection of Light?
5. What is Regular Reflection of Light?
6. What is Irregular or Diffuse Refection of Light?
7. Differentiate between Regular and Irregular Reflection of Light.
8. What is a Real Image?
9. What is a Virtual Image?
10. Differentiate between a Real Image and a Virtual Image.
 Light, Mirrors and Lenses:
• Mirrors:
A mirror is a smooth,
polished surface that can
reflect a clear image. It is
made of a reflecting material
such as glass. Mirrors can
have plane (flat) or curved
reflecting surfaces.
• Plane Mirror:
Plane mirrors have flat
reflecting surfaces.
 Light, Mirrors and Lenses:  Lateral Inversion:
• Image formed by a Plane Mirror The phenomenon in
which left side of the
object appears as the
right side of the image
and vice-versa on
reflection in a plane
mirror is called Lateral
 Properties:
Inversion.
• Image formed by a plane mirror is always
virtual and erect.
• The size of the image is equal to that of
the object.
• The image formed is as far behind the
mirror as the object is in front of it.
• The image formed by a plane mirror is
laterally Inverted.
 Self Assessment-2
1. What are Mirrors?
2. What is a Plane Mirror?
3. State the Laws of Reflection.
4. What is Lateral Inversion?
5. Write the English Alphabets in the Laterally Inverted form.
6. Draw a neat labeled diagram to show the image formed by a Plane Mirror.
7. Mention the properties of the image formed by a Plane Mirror.
8. What are Spherical Mirrors?
9. What is a Concave Mirror?
10. What is a convex Mirror?
11. Define the following terms related to a Spherical Mirror.
(a) Pole (b) Centre of Curvature (c) Radius of Curvature (d) Principal Axis (e) Principal Focus (f) Object Distance
(g) Image Distance (h) Focal Length (i) Aperture
 Image formed by Spherical Mirrors:
• Types of rays used to (b) An Incident ray passing
draw a ray diagram: through
the Principal Focus (F) after
(a) Incident rays parallel to reflection passes parallel to
Principal Axis after reflection the
passes or appear to pass Principal Axis.
through Principal Focus (F).
 Image formed by Spherical Mirrors:
• Types of rays used to (d) An Incoming ray incident at
draw a ray diagram: pole (P) making an Angle of
Incidence (∠ i) with the
(c) An Incident ray passing Principal Axis is reflected at
through or appear to pass an Angle of Reflection (∠ r)
through the Centre of such that ∠ i= ∠ r.
Curvature (C) (Normal
Incidence), is reflected back.
 Image formed by Spherical Mirrors:
• Image formed by a Concave (b) When the Object is beyond Centre of
Mirror: Curvature (C):

(a) When the object is at Infinity:

Properties of Image:
Properties of Image:
(i) Image is formed at Principal Focus
(F). (i) Image is formed in between Centre
of
(ii) Image is point size.
(iii) Image is real.
Curvature (C) and Principal Focus
(F).
(ii) Image is diminished.
(iii) Image is real.
(iv) Image is inverted.
 Image formed by Spherical Mirrors:
• Image formed by a Concave Mirror: (d) When the Object is in between Centre
of
(c) When the object is at Center of
Curvature (C) and Principal Focus (F):
Curvature (C) :

Properties of Image:
(i) Image is formed at Centre of Curvature
(C).
(ii) Image is of same size of the object. Properties of Image:
(iii) Image is real. (i) Image is formed in beyond Centre of
(iv) Image is inverted. Curvature (C).
(ii) Image is magnified.
(iii) Image is real.
(iv) Image is inverted.
 Image formed by Spherical Mirrors:
• Image formed by a Concave Mirror: (f) When the Object is in between
Principal Focus (F) and Pole (P):
(e) When the object is at Principal Focus
(F) :

Properties of Image:
(i) Image is formed at infinity.
(ii) Image is highly magnified.
(iii) Image is real.
Properties of Image:
(iv) Image is inverted. (i) Image is formed in behind the
mirror.
(ii) Image is magnified.
(iii) Image is virtual.
(iv) Image is Erect.
 Image formed by Spherical Mirrors:
• Image formed by a Convex Mirror: (b) When the object is closer to the
Convex Mirror:
(a) When the object is at Infinity:

Properties of Image:
(i) Image is formed behind the mirror.
(ii) Image is point size. Properties of Image:
(iii) Image is virtual. (i) Image is formed behind the
(iv) Image is erect. mirror.
(ii) Image is diminished.
(iii) Image is virtual.
(iv) Image is erect.
 Self Assessment-3
1. Draw the four different types of incident rays that are used to draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a
Spherical Mirror.
2. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Concave Mirror when the object is at Infinity.
3. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Concave Mirror when the object is beyond Centre of Curvature (C).
4. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Concave Mirror when the object is at Centre of Curvature (C).
5. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Concave Mirror when the object is between Centre of Curvature (C)
and Principal Focus (F).
6. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Concave Mirror when the object is at Principal Focus (F).
7. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Concave Mirror when the object is between Principal Focus (F) and
Pole (P).
8. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Convex Mirror when the object is at Infinity.
9. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Convex Mirror when the object is closer to the Mirror.
 Uses of Spherical Mirrors:
 Uses of Concave Mirror

(a) Shaving Mirrors

(b) Head mirrors
(c) Astronomical Telescope
(d) Headlights
 Uses of Spherical Mirrors:
 Uses of Concave Mirror

(e) Torch Lights

(f) Solar Furnaces
(g) Ophthalmoscope (for
checking
of retina).
 Uses of Spherical Mirrors:
 Uses of Convex Mirror
(a) Rear view mirror of
automobiles
(b) Traffic mirrors
 Refraction
 When light travels obliquely
from one transparent
medium into another, it
bends at the Interface. This
bending of light is called
Refraction of light.
 When light travels from a
rarer medium to a denser
medium, it bends towards
the normal.
 When light travels from a
denser medium to a rarer
medium, it bends away
from the normal.
 Spherical Lenses:
 A spherical lens is a transparent material
bounded by two surfaces, one or both of
which are spherical.

 Spherical lenses are of two main types.

They are convex and concave lenses.

 (i) Convex lens : A Convex lens is thicker

in the middle and thinner at the edges.
Rays of light parallel to the principal axis
after refraction through a convex lens
meet at a point (converge) on the
principal axis.

 (ii) Concave lens : A Concave lens is

thinner in the middle and thicker at the
edges.

Rays of light parallel to the principal axis

after refraction get diverged and appear
to come from a point on the principal axis
on the same side of the lens.
 Convergent and Divergent lenses:

Convergent Lens: Divergent Lens:

 If the distance of  If the distance of
separation amongst the separation amongst the
incident parallel rays of incident parallel rays of
light decreases after light increases after
refraction through a lens, refraction through a lens,
then the lens is called a then the lens is called a
Convergent lens. e.g. Divergent lens. e.g.
Convex lens Concave lens
 Refractive Index
 Let v1 be the speed of light in medium 1
and v2 be the speed of light in medium 2.
The refractive index of medium 2 with
respect to medium 1 is given by the ratio of
the speed of light in medium 1 and the
speed of light in medium 2. This is usually
represented by the symbol n21 , which can
be expressed in an equation form as
Speed of light in medium 1 v1
n21 = =
Speed of light in medium 2 v2
 By the same argument, the refractive index
of medium 1 with respect to medium 2 is
represented as n12. It is can be expressed in
an equation form as
Speed of light in medium 2 v2
n12 = =
Speed of light in medium 1 v1
Some Technical Terms related to Lenses
 Optic Centre (O):
The geometrical Centre of the lens is called its
Optic Centre.
A ray of light passing through the Optic
Centre goes undeviated.
 Centers of Curvatures (C1 & C2):

Centre of Curvature of a surface of a lens is

defined as the centre of that sphere of which
that surface forms a part.
There are two centers of curvature of a lens,
one each belonging to both the surfaces. ( OC1
= R1, OC2 = R2)
 Principal Axis (C1OC2):
A line joining the two centers of curvature
and passing through the optical centre is called
Principal Axis.

 Radius of Curvature (R1 & R2):

Radius of curvature of a surface of a lens is
defined as the radius of that sphere of which
the surface forms a part.
There are two radii of curvature of a lens, one
each belonging to both the surfaces.
Some Technical Terms related to Lenses
 Principal Focus (F):
Principal focus of a lens is a point on the
principal axis, at which a beam of light coming
parallel to principal axis actually meets or
appears to meet after refraction through the lens.

 Focal Length ( f1 & f2):

Focal Length of a lens is defined as the distance
between principal focus and its optical centre.
A lens can be used from both sides. So, there
are two focal lengths for a lens, one each
belonging to both the surfaces. (OF1 = f1, OF2
= f2)

 Object Distance(u):
The distance of separation
between the optic centre and the object,
measured along the principal axis is called the
Object Distance.

 Image Distance(v):
The distance of separation between the
optic centre and the image, measured along
the principal axis is called the Image Distance.
 Self Assessment-4
1. Mention four uses of Concave Mirrors.
2. Mention two uses of Convex mirror.
3. What is Refraction?
4. What happens to the refracted ray of light, if refraction is taking place from a rarer medium to a denser medium?
5. What happens to the refracted ray of light, if refraction is taking place from a denser medium to a rarer medium?
6. What is a Convex Lens?
7. What is a Concave Lens?
8. What is Optic Centre?
9. Define Principal Focus (F) of a lens.
10. What is Object Distance (u)?
11. What is Image distance (v)?
12. How many Focal Lengths does a Convex Lens have and why?
13. Define Focal length (f) of a Lens.
14. What is a Convergent Lens?
15. What is a Divergent Lens?
Real Image & Virtual Image
 Real Image:  Virtual Image:

The image formed by the actual The image formed by the intersection
intersection of reflected rays or of extended reflected rays or extended
refracted rays is known as Real Image. refracted rays is known as Virtual
Real images can be obtained on a Image.
screen. Virtual images cannot be obtained on
a screen.
Magnified & Diminished Image
Inverted & Erect Image

 Magnified and Diminished  Inverted and Erect Image:

 Inverted Image:
Image:
 Magnified Image: The image which is up side down as
compared to the object is known as Inverted
If the size of the image is bigger than the
Image.
size of the object then the image is called a
Magnified Image.  Erect Image:
 Diminished Image:
The image in which the
If the size of the image is smaller than the directions are the same as those in the object
size of the object then the image is called a is known as Erect Image.
Diminished Image.
 Image formed by Lenses:
• Types of rays used to (b) An Incident ray passing
draw a ray diagram: through
the Principal Focus (F) after
(a) Incident rays parallel to refraction passes parallel to
Principal Axis after refraction the
passes or appear to pass Principal Axis.
through Principal Focus (F).
 Image formed by Spherical Mirrors:
• Types of rays used to
draw a ray diagram:
(c) An Incident ray passing
through
the Optic Center (O)
(Normal Incidence), is
refracted
without any deviation.
 Image formed by Lenses:
• Image formed by a Convex lens: (b) When the Object is beyond Centre of
Curvature (C):
(a) When the object is at Infinity:

Properties of Image:
(i) Image is formed at Principal Focus Properties of Image:
(F). (i) Image is formed in between Centre
(ii) Image is point size. of
(iii) Image is real. Curvature (C) and Principal Focus
(F).
(ii) Image is diminished.
(iii) Image is real.
(iv) Image is inverted.
 Image formed by Lenses:
• Image formed by a Convex Lens: (d) When the Object is in between Centre
of
(c) When the object is at Center of Curvature (C) and Principal Focus (F):
Curvature (C) :

Properties of Image:
(i) Image is formed at Centre of Curvature
(C). Properties of Image:
(ii) Image is of same size of the object.
(i) Image is formed in beyond Centre of
(iii) Image is real.
Curvature (C).
(iv) Image is inverted.
(ii) Image is magnified.
(iii) Image is real.
(iv) Image is inverted.
 Image formed by Lenses:
• Image formed by a Convex Lens: (f) When the Object is in between
Principal Focus (F) and Optic Centre
(e) When the object is at Principal Focus (O):
(F) :

Properties of Image:
(i) Image is formed at infinity. Properties of Image:
(ii) Image is highly magnified.
(i) Image is formed on the same side of
(iii) Image is real. the
(iv) Image is inverted.
lens where the object is present.
(ii) Image is magnified.
(iii) Image is virtual.
(iv) Image is Erect.
 Image formed by Lenses:
• Image formed by a Concave Lens:
(b) When the object is in between
(a) When the object is at Infinity: Centre of Curvature (C) and
Principal Focus (F)

Properties of Image:
Properties of Image:
(i) Image is formed on the same side of the (i) Image is formed on the same
lens where the object is present. side
(ii) Image is point size. of the lens where the object is
(iii) Image is virtual. present.
(iv) Image is erect.
(ii) Image is diminished.
(iii) Image is virtual.
(iv) Image is erect.
 Self Assessment-5
1. Draw the three different types of incident rays that are used to draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a
Lens.
2. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Convex Lens when the object is at Infinity.
3. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Convex Lens when the object is beyond Centre of Curvature (C).
4. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Convex Lens when the object is at Centre of Curvature (C).
5. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Convex Lens when the object is between Centre of Curvature (C)
and Principal Focus (F).
6. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Convex Lens when the object is at Principal Focus (F).
7. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Convex Lens when the object is between Principal Focus (F) and
Optic Center (O).
8. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Concave Lens when the object is at Infinity.
9. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formed by a Concave Lens when the object is between Centre of Curvature (C)
and Principal Focus (F).
 Uses of Lenses:
 Uses of Convex Lens

(a) Magnifying Glass

(b) Eye Glasses
(c) Cameras
(d) Microscopes
 Uses of Lenses:
 Uses of Concave Lens

(a) Telescope and Binoculars

(b) Eye Glasses
(c) Cameras
(d) Lasers
(e) Flashlights
(f) Peepholes
White Light and the colours of the Spectrum:
 White Light:
• White Light consists of seven
colours.
 V-Violet
 I- Indigo
 B- Blue
 G-Green
 Y-Yellow
 O-Orange
 R-Red
 Spectrum:
• The band of constituent
colours of white light is called
spectrum.
 Dispersion of White Light in Nature
Rainbow:
 A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing in the
sky after a rain shower .
 It is caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny
water droplets, present in the atmosphere.
 A rainbow is always formed in a direction
opposite to that of the Sun.
 The water droplets act like small prisms. They
refract and disperse the incident sunlight, then
reflect it internally, and finally refract it again
when it comes out of the raindrop.
 Due to the dispersion of light and internal
reflection, different colours reach the observer’s
eye.
 Critical Angle:
The angle of incidence corresponding to which
the value of angle of refraction is 90 ⁰ ,when light
refracts from denser medium to rarer medium is
known as Critical Angle.
 Total Internal Reflection:
When light ray moves from a denser medium to
a rarer medium and the value of the angle of
incidence is more than the critical angle, then
the refracted ray comes back to the denser
medium. This phenomenon is known as Total
Internal Reflection.
 Refraction through a Prism
 Prism: A Prism is a transparent optical object
with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. At
least two of the polished surfaces must have an
angle between them.
 Bending of light: Light changes its speed
when it moves from one medium to another
medium having difference in optical density.
This speed change causes the light to be
refracted and to enter the new medium at a
different angle. The degree of bending of the
light’s path depends on the angle that the
incident ray of light makes with the surface,
and on the ratio of the refractive index of the
two media.
 Angle of incidence (∠ i): It is the angle
between the incident ray (PQ) and the normal
(NN’) at the point of Incidence (Q).
 Angle of Emergence (∠ e) : It is the angle
between the emergent ray (RS) and the normal
(MM’) at the point of emergence (R).
 Angle of Prism (∠ A) : It is the angle
between two refracting surfaces of the prism.
 Angle of Deviation (∠ D or ∠ ∂) : It is
the angle made between the incident ray of
light entering the first surface of the prism and
the refracted ray of light that emerges from the
second face of the prism.
We have, ∠ A + ∠ D = ∠ i + ∠ e
Can we get White Light by combining its constituent colours?
 Aim of the Activity:
 Let us make a hole at the
To combine the different colours of
the spectrum to get White light.
centre of the disc.
• Materials Required:  Let us insert a pencil in it.
Cardboard, Pencil, Eraser, Sketch  Let us hold the pencil and let
Pen (Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, the disc rotate fast.
Yellow, Orange and Red colour) and a
Protractor. • Observation:
• Procedure: All seven colours merge and
 Let us take a circular cardboard disc. the disc appear white.
 Let us draw seven equal segments on
its surface.
 Let us paint the segments with seven
constituent colours of white light in
the sequence Violet, Indigo, Blue,
Green, Yellow, Orange and Red.
 The cardboard with seven
constituent colours of white light in
the order Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green,
Yellow, Orange and Red is called
Newton’s Disc.
 Self Assessment-6
1. Mention four uses of Convex Lenses.
2. Mention four uses of Concave Lenses.
3. Name the constituents of White Light.
4. What is Spectrum?
5. When does a Rainbow appear in the sky?
6. What is a Prism?
7. Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a prism.
8. What is a Newton’s Disc?
9. With the help of an activity show that white light consists of seven colours.
10. What is Critical Angle?
11. What is Total Internal Reflection?