Friction
What makes it hard to push or pull a
heavy load on the floor?
What role does friction play in our
everyday life?
Friction
- a force that occurs when surfaces slide or tend to slide
over one another
- opposes the motion of an object by either slowing
down the object or preventing it to move altogether
Laws on Friction
1. Static friction is greater than kinetic friction in magnitude.
Experience tells us that we need to exert a greater force to start
motion than to maintain it.
2. Friction are parallel to the surfaces in contact and in a direction to
oppose motion.
3. Friction is independent of the area of contact and speed of sliding.
4. Friction is proportional to the normal force.
5. Friction depends on the nature of surfaces in contact and condition
of surfaces, that is, whether the surfaces are rough, smooth,
polished, or wet.
Static Friction
- frictional force that prevents impending motion
between two objects.
- It only exists when two stationary surfaces tend to
slide over each other without actually doing so.
- Two conditions for static friction to exist:
- The two surfaces are stationary with respect to each other
- There is an impending motion or the possibility that the
two surfaces will move.
• Static friction is maximum when
motion is about to begin or when
motion is impending.
• The maximum value of friction is
proportional to the perpendicular or
normal force pressing the surfaces
together.
Where μs is the coefficient of static
friction and N is the normal force
Kinetic Friction
• Friction between the surfaces of Approximate Coefficients of Friction
two objects moving against each Surfaces μs μk
other Steel on steel 0.74 0.57
Aluminum on steel 0.61 0.47
• It is opposite the direction of
Copper on steel 0.53 0.36
motion
Glass on glass 0.94 0.40
• For a given pair of surfaces, its Teflon on teflon 0.04 0.04
smaller than static friction. Rubber on concrete (dry) 1.0 0.8
Rubber on concrete (wet) 0.30 0.25
where μk is the coefficient of
kinetic friction
Sample Problem
1. A cardboard box weighing 200 N is resting on a
wooden tabletop. If the coefficient of friction between
the box and the table top is 0.25, how much force
would it take to keep the box sliding along at constant
speed?
2. A 92-kg baseball player slides into the second base.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the player
and the ground is 0.61. (a) Find the magnitude of the
frictional force. (b) If the player comes to rest after 1.2
s, what is his initial speed?
Sample Problem
1. A 100.0-kg crate rests on a rough horizontal
surface. The coefficient of static friction and
coefficient of kinetic friction are 0.500 and 0.100,
respectively.
a. What is the normal force acting on the crate?
b. What is the value of the maximum static
friction?
c. What horizontal force is needed for the
motion of the crate to impend?
d. What would happen if the applied horizontal
force is 350.0 N?
Sample Problem
1. A 100.0-kg crate rests on a rough horizontal
surface. The coefficient of static friction and
coefficient of kinetic friction are 0.500 and
0.100, respectively.
e. What would happen if the applied horizontal
force is 550.0 N?
f. What is the value of kinetic friction?
g. What force is needed to keep the crate moving
at constant speed once motion has begun?
Solve the problems below:
1. A box weighing 25.0 N is continuously pushed forward with
a force of 25.0 N on a rough, horizontal surface. Suddenly,
the force is removed. What will the ensuing motion of the
box be like? (Let μs and μk between the box and the surface
be 0.6 and 0.4, respectively.)
2. A paramedic pushes along the floor a gurney carrying a
patient with mass of 60.0 kg. The paramedic applies a force
of 200.0 N on the gurney whose mass is 180.0 kg. The
opposing force of friction between the floor and the
wheels of the gurney is 5.00 N. Calculate the resulting
acceleration of the gurney and patient.
3. A 100-kg crate is at rest on a level stone floor. (μs = 0.5 and μk
= 0.4)
a. What is the minimum horizontal force needed to start
the crate moving?
b. What is the minimum horizontal force needed to keep
the crate in motion at constant speed?
c. What is the acceleration of the crate if a horizontal
force of 500 N is applied to it?
