Distributed Computing Seminar

Lecture 1: Introduction to Distributed Computing & Systems Background

Christophe Bisciglia, Aaron Kimball, & Sierra Michels-Slettvet Summer 2007
Except where otherwise noted, the contents of this presentation are Copyright 2007 University of Washington and are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License.

Course Overview

5 lectures
1

Introduction 2 Technical Side: MapReduce & GFS 2 Theoretical: Algorithms for distributed computing

Readings + Questions nightly

Readings: http://code.google.com/edu/content/submissions/mapreduce-minilecture/listing.html Questions: http://code.google.com/edu/content/submissions/mapreduceminilecture/MapReduceMiniSeriesReadingQuestions.doc

Outline

Introduction to Distributed Computing Parallel vs. Distributed Computing History of Distributed Computing Parallelization and Synchronization Networking Basics

Computer Speedup

Moores Law: The density of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 months, for the same cost (1965)
Image: Toms Hardware and not subject to the Creative Commons license applicable to the rest of this work.

Scope of problems
What can you do with 1 computer? What can you do with 100 computers? What can you do with an entire data center?

Distributed problems

Rendering multiple frames of high-quality animation

Image: DreamWorks Animation and not subject to the Creative Commons license applicable to the rest of this work.

Distributed problems

Simulating several hundred or thousand characters

Happy Feet Kingdom Feature Productions; Lord of the Rings New Line Cinema, neither image is subject to the Creative Commons license applicable to the rest of the work.

Distributed problems

Indexing the web (Google) Simulating an Internet-sized network for networking experiments (PlanetLab) Speeding up content delivery (Akamai)

What is the key attribute that all these examples have in common?

Parallel vs. Distributed

Parallel computing can mean:

Vector

processing of data Multiple CPUs in a single computer

Distributed computing is multiple CPUs across many computers over the network

A Brief History 1975-85

Parallel computing was favored in the early years Primarily vector-based at first Gradually more threadbased parallelism was introduced

Image: Computer Pictures Database and Cray Research Corp and is not subject to the Creative Commons license applicable to the rest of this work.

A Brief History 1985-95

Massively parallel architectures start rising in prominence Message Passing Interface (MPI) and other libraries developed Bandwidth was a big problem

A Brief History 1995-Today

Cluster/grid architecture increasingly dominant Special node machines eschewed in favor of COTS technologies Web-wide cluster software Companies like Google take this to the extreme

Parallelization & Synchronization

Parallelization Idea

Parallelization is easy if processing can be cleanly split into n units:

work Partition problem w1 w2 w3

Parallelization Idea (2)

w1

w2

w3

Spawn worker threads: thread thread thread

In a parallel computation, we would like to have as many threads as we have processors. e.g., a fourprocessor computer would be able to run four threads at the same time.

Parallelization Idea (3)

Workers process data: thread w1 thread w2 thread w3

Parallelization Idea (4)

thread w1

thread w2

thread w3 Report results

results

Parallelization Pitfalls
But this model is too simple!

How do we assign work units to worker threads? What if we have more work units than threads? How do we aggregate the results at the end? How do we know all the workers have finished? What if the work cannot be divided into completely separate tasks?
What is the common theme of all of these problems?

Parallelization Pitfalls (2)

Each of these problems represents a point at which multiple threads must communicate with one another, or access a shared resource. Golden rule: Any memory that can be used by multiple threads must have an associated synchronization system!

What is Wrong With This?

Thread 1: void foo() { x++; y = x; } Thread 2: void bar() { y++; x+=3; }

If the initial state is y = 0, x = 6, what happens after these threads finish running?

Multithreaded = Unpredictability
Many things that look like one step operations actually take several steps under the hood:
Thread 1: void foo() { eax = mem[x]; inc eax; mem[x] = eax; ebx = mem[x]; mem[y] = ebx; } Thread 2: void bar() { eax = mem[y]; inc eax; mem[y] = eax; eax = mem[x]; add eax, 3; mem[x] = eax; }

When we run a multithreaded program, we dont know what order threads run in, nor do we know when they will interrupt one another.

Multithreaded = Unpredictability
This applies to more than just integers:

Pulling work units from a queue Reporting work back to master unit Telling another thread that it can begin the next phase of processing

All require synchronization!

Synchronization Primitives

A synchronization primitive is a special shared variable that guarantees that it can only be accessed atomically. Hardware support guarantees that operations on synchronization primitives only ever take one step

Semaphores

A semaphore is a flag that can be raised or lowered in one step Semaphores were flags that railroad engineers would use when entering a shared track

Set:

Reset:

Only one side of the semaphore can ever be red! (Can both be green?)

Semaphores
set() and reset() can be thought of as lock() and unlock() Calls to lock() when the semaphore is already locked cause the thread to block.

Pitfalls: Must bind semaphores to particular objects; must remember to unlock correctly

The corrected example

Thread 1: Thread 2:

void foo() { sem.lock(); x++; y = x; sem.unlock(); }

void bar() { sem.lock(); y++; x+=3; sem.unlock(); }

Global var Semaphore sem = new Semaphore(); guards access to x&y

Condition Variables

A condition variable notifies threads that a particular condition has been met Inform another thread that a queue now contains elements to pull from (or that its empty request more elements!)

Pitfall: What if nobodys listening?

The final example

Thread 1: void foo() { sem.lock(); x++; y = x; fooDone = true; sem.unlock(); fooFinishedCV.notify(); } Thread 2: void bar() { sem.lock(); if(!fooDone) fooFinishedCV.wait(sem); y++; x+=3; sem.unlock(); }

Global vars: Semaphore sem = new Semaphore(); ConditionVar fooFinishedCV = new ConditionVar(); boolean fooDone = false;

Too Much Synchronization? Deadlock

Synchronization becomes even more complicated when multiple locks can be used Can cause entire system to get stuck Thread A: semaphore1.lock(); semaphore2.lock(); /* use data guarded by semaphores */ semaphore1.unlock(); semaphore2.unlock();
(Image: RPI CSCI.4210 Operating Systems notes)

Thread B: semaphore2.lock(); semaphore1.lock(); /* use data guarded by semaphores */ semaphore1.unlock(); semaphore2.unlock();

The Moral: Be Careful!

Synchronization is hard
Need

to consider all possible shared state Must keep locks organized and use them consistently and correctly

Knowing there are bugs may be tricky; fixing them can be even worse! Keeping shared state to a minimum reduces total system complexity

Fundamentals of Networking

Sockets: The Internet = tubes?

A socket is the basic network interface Provides a two-way pipe abstraction between two applications Client creates a socket, and connects to the server, who receives a socket representing the other side

Ports

Within an IP address, a port is a sub-address identifying a listening program Allows multiple clients to connect to a server at once

What makes this work?

Underneath the socket layer are several more protocols Most important are TCP and IP (which are used hand-in-hand so often, theyre often spoken of as one protocol: TCP/IP)

IP header

TCP header

Your data

Even more low-level protocols handle how data is sent over Ethernet wires, or how bits are sent through the air using 802.11 wireless

Why is This Necessary?

Not actually tube-like underneath the hood Unlike phone system (circuit switched), the packet switched Internet uses many routes at once

you

www.google.com

Networking Issues
If a party to a socket disconnects, how much data did they receive? Did they crash? Or did a machine in the middle? Can someone in the middle intercept/modify our data? Traffic congestion makes switch/router topology important for efficient throughput

Conclusions
Processing more data means using more machines at the same time Cooperation between processes requires synchronization Designing real distributed systems requires consideration of networking topology

Next time: How MapReduce works