Unit-II (Magnetic Circuits and Related Concepts)
Explanation of MMF, Reluctance
Flux, Flux Density, Field Strength,
Comparison with Electric Circuits
& Series Magnetic Circuits
Analysis of Series magnetic
circuits.
By Prof.Shubham.Sunil.Patil
(Electrical Engineering Department)
Magnetomotive Force (MMF)
• • MMF is the force responsible for setting up magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit.
• • It is analogous to Electromotive Force (EMF) in an electric circuit.
• • Formula: MMF = N × I (Ampere-turns), where:
• - N = Number of turns in the coil
• - I = Current flowing through the coil
• • Greater the MMF, stronger the magnetic flux produced.
• • Unit: Ampere-turn (AT)
Reluctance
• • Reluctance is the property of a magnetic material that resists the creation of
magnetic flux.
• • It is analogous to electrical resistance in an electric circuit.
• • Formula: Rm = l / (μ × A), where:
• - l = length of magnetic path (m)
• - μ = permeability of material (H/m)
• - A = cross-sectional area (m²)
• • Unit: Ampere-turns per Weber (AT/Wb).
• • High permeability materials (like soft iron) have low reluctance.
Magnetic Flux (Φ)
• • Magnetic flux is the total number of magnetic field lines passing through a given
area.
• • Symbol: Φ
• • Measured in Weber (Wb).
• • Formula: Φ = MMF / Reluctance
• • Flux indicates the strength of the magnetic field in a circuit.
• • Example: In transformers, flux links primary and secondary coils.
Magnetic Flux Density (B)
• • Magnetic flux density is the flux per unit cross-sectional area.
• • Symbol: B
• • Formula: B = Φ / A, where:
• - Φ = Magnetic flux (Wb)
• - A = Area (m²)
• • Unit: Tesla (T) = Weber/m²
• • Indicates concentration of magnetic lines of force in a region.
Magnetic Field Strength (H)
• • Magnetic field strength is the measure of intensity of the magnetizing field.
• • Formula: H = MMF / l, where:
• - l = length of magnetic path (m)
• - MMF = N × I
• • Unit: Ampere-turn per meter (AT/m).
• • H defines how strong the external current source drives the magnetic field in a
material.
Comparison: Electric vs Magnetic
Circuit
• Similarities:
• • Both involve a driving force (EMF in electric, MMF in magnetic).
• • Both have an opposition (Resistance vs Reluctance).
• • Both have a flow (Current vs Magnetic Flux).
• Differences:
• • Electric current is a flow of electrons, magnetic flux is a flow of magnetic lines.
• • Resistance converts energy into heat, reluctance does not consume energy.
• • Electric circuits are open if broken, while magnetic flux can leak into air.
Comparison: Electric vs Magnetic Circuit
Feature Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit
Driving Force Electromotive Force (EMF, measured in Volts) Magnetomotive Force (MMF, measured in
Ampere-turns)
Flow Electric Current (flow of electrons, in Magnetic Flux (flow of magnetic lines, in
Amperes) Webers)
Opposition Resistance (R), measured in Ohms (Ω) Reluctance (Rm), measured in AT/Wb
Ohm’s Law Equivalent V=I×R Φ = MMF / Rm
Energy Loss Resistance causes power loss in the form of Reluctance does not consume energy, but
heat (I²R loss) flux may leak
Medium Conductors (copper, aluminum) carry current Magnetic materials (iron, steel) carry flux
Continuity Circuit must be closed for current to flow Flux can exist even in air (air gap)
Units of Flow Current: Ampere (A) Flux: Weber (Wb)
Leakage Very little current leakage if insulation is good Flux leakage is common (fringing at air
gaps)
Series Magnetic Circuits
• • In series magnetic circuits, the same flux passes through all parts of the circuit.
• • Total reluctance is the sum of individual reluctances.
• • Formula: Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...
• • Flux: Φ = MMF / Rtotal
• • Similar to series resistance in electric circuits.
• • Example: A magnetic core made of different materials in series.
Numericals…
• Q1:
A coil has 500 turns and carries a current of 2 A.
Find t
• Solution:
The formula is:
• MMF=N×I
• Where:
• N=Number of turns = 500
• I=Current = 2 A
• MMF=500×2=1000 Ampere-Turns (AT)
• Q2:
• A magnetic coil produces an MMF of 2500 AT when carrying 5 A of
current.Find the number of turns of the coil.
• Solution:
MMF=N×I
N=MMF / I
=2500 / 5=500 turns
• Problem 1
A magnetic core has:
Length of magnetic path l=0.5 m
Cross-sectional area A=0.002 m^2
Relative permeability μr=1000
Find the reluctance of the core.
• Problem 2
A cast steel ring has:
Mean length l=0.3 m
Cross-sectional area A=5×10^−4 m^2
Relative permeability μr=800
Find the reluctance of the ring.
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Numericals…MMF
1. A coil has 500 turns and carries 2 A. Find the MMF.
MMF = NI=500×2=1000.
Answer: 1000 A Turns (AT)
2.) A coil produces an MMF of 400 AT and has 200 turns. Find the current.
I=MMF / N
= 400 / 200 = 2.
Answer: 2 A
3.) Two coils are wound on the same magnetic core: coil-1 has 200 turns
carrying 2 A, coil-2 has 300 turns carrying 1 A. Currents produce flux in the
same direction. Find total MMF.
MMF total = N*(I1)+N*(I2)
=200×2+300×1=400+300=700. Answer: 700 AT
4.) A solenoid has 1000 turns, current 0.5 A, length 0.4 m. (a) Find MMF. (b)
Find magnetic field strength H.
(a) MMF = NI=1000×0.5=500 AT
(b)H=N*I(CURRENT) / l (Length) = 500÷0.4 = 1250 A/m
Numericals…Reluctance
Numericals…Reluctance
Numericals…Magnetic flux density
Numericals…Magnetic field strength
