Men are created equal by God, but in
life, we are not equal and we are never
going to be equal. It depends on how
much value each person is able to create
with his time. It all depends on how much
conversion you are able to engage in. It
depends on what you do with your time.
George Orwell
NETWORKING TODAY
Introduction to Networks
v7.0 (ITN)
NETWORKS AFFECT
OUR LIVES
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco
Confidential 3
Networking Today
Networks Connect Us
Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance on air,
water, food, and shelter. In today’s world, through the use of
networks, we are connected like never before.
NETWORKING TODAY
NO BOUNDARIES
• World without boundaries
• Global communities
• Human network
NETWORK
COMPONENTS
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco
Confidential 6
NETWORK COMPONENTS
HOST ROLES
Every computer on a
network is called a host or
end device.
Servers are computers that
provide information to end
devices:
• email servers Serv Description
• web servers er
• file server Type
Clients are computers that Email Email server runs email server software.
Clients use client software to access email.
send requests to the servers
to retrieve information: Web Web server runs web server software.
Clients use browser software to access web
• web page from a web server
pages.
email from an email server
File File server stores corporate and user files.
The client devices access these files.
NETWORK COMPONENTS
PEER-TO-PEER
It is possible to have a device be a client and a server in a Peer-to-Peer Network. This
type of network design is only recommended for very small networks.
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to set up No centralized administration
Less complex Not as secure
Lower cost Not scalable
Used for simple tasks: transferring Slower performance
files and sharing printers
NETWORK COMPONENTS
END DEVICES
An end device is where a message originates from or where it is received. Data originates with an end device, flows through the network, and arrives at an end device.
NETWORK COMPONENTS
INTERMEDIARY NETWORK DEVICES
An intermediary device interconnects end devices. Examples
include switches, wireless access points, routers, and firewalls.
Management of data as it flows through a network is also the role
of an intermediary device, including:
Regenerate and retransmit data signals.
Maintain information about what pathways exist in the network.
Notify other devices of errors and communication failures.
NETWORK COMPONENTS
NETWORK MEDIA
Communication across a network is carried through a medium which allows a message to travel from source to
destination.
Media Types Description
Metal wires within Uses electrical
cables impulses
Glass or plastic Uses pulses of light.
fibers within cables
(fiber-optic cable)
Wireless Uses modulation of
transmission specific frequencies of
electromagnetic
waves.
NETWORK REPRESENTATIONS
NETWORK REPRESENTATIONS
Network diagrams, often called
topology diagrams, use symbols
to represent devices within the
network.
Important terms to know
include:
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Physical Port
Interface
Note: Often, the terms port and
interface are used
interchangeably
COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS
NETWORKS OF MANY SIZES
• Small Home Networks –
connect a few computers to
each other and the Internet
• Small Office/Home Office –
enables computer within a
home or remote office to
Small Home SOHO connect to a corporate network
• Medium to Large Networks –
many locations with hundreds
or thousands of interconnected
computers
• World Wide Networks –
connects hundreds of millions
Medium/Large World Wide
of computers world-wide – such
as the internet
COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS
LANS AND WANS
Network infrastructures vary
greatly in terms of:
• Size of the area covered
• Number of users connected
• Number and types of services
available
• Area of responsibility
Two most common types of
networks:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN).
COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS
LANS AND WANS (CONT.)
A LAN is a network infrastructure that A WAN is a network infrastructure that spans
spans a small geographical area. a wide geographical area.
LAN WAN
Interconnect end devices in a limited area. Interconnect LANs over wide geographical
areas.
Administered by a single organization or Typically administered by one or more service
individual. providers.
Provide high-speed bandwidth to internal Typically provide slower speed links between
devices. LANs.
COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS
THE INTERNET
The internet is a worldwide
collection of interconnected LANs
and WANs.
• LANs are connected to each
other using WANs.
• WANs may use copper wires,
fiber optic cables, and wireless
transmissions.
The internet is not owned by any
individual or group. The following
groups were developed to help
maintain structure on the
internet:
IETF
ICANN
IAB
COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS
INTRANETS AND EXTRANETS
An intranet is a private collection
of LANs and WANs internal to an
organization that is meant to be
accessible only to the
organizations members or others
with authorization.
An organization might use an
extranet to provide secure
access to their network for
individuals who work for a
different organization that need
access to their data on their
network.
PROTOCOLS AND
MODELS
Introduction to Networks 7.0
(ITN)
THE RULES
COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTALS
Networks can vary in size and complexity. It is not enough to have
a connection, devices must agree on “how” to communicate.
There are three elements to any communication:
There will be a source (sender).
There will be a destination (receiver).
There will be a channel (media) that provides for the path of
communications to occur.
THE RULES
COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS
• All communications are governed by protocols.
• Protocols are the rules that communications will follow.
• These rules will vary depending on the protocol.
THE RULES
RULE ESTABLISHMENT
• Individuals must use established rules or agreements to govern the
conversation.
• The first message is difficult to read because it is not formatted
properly. The second shows the message properly formatted
THE RULES
RULE ESTABLISHMENT (CONT.)
Protocols must account for the following requirements:
An identified sender and receiver
Common language and grammar
Speed and timing of delivery
Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements
THE RULES
NETWORK PROTOCOL REQUIREMENTS
Common computer protocols must be in agreement and include
the following requirements:
Message encoding
Message formatting and encapsulation
Message size
Message timing
Message delivery options
PROTOCOLS
NETWORK PROTOCOL OVERVIEW
Network protocols
define a common set Protocol Description
of rules. Type
• Can be Network enable two or more devices to
implemented on Communica communicate over one or more
devices in: tions networks
Software
Network secure data to provide
Hardware
Security authentication, data integrity, and
Both
data encryption
• Protocols have Routing enable routers to exchange route
their own:
information, compare path
Function
information, and select best path
Format
Rules Service used for the automatic detection
Discovery of devices or services
NETWORK
PROTOCOL
FUNCTIONS
• Devices use agreed-upon
protocols to communicate .
• Protocols may have may
have one or functions.
Function Description
Addressing Identifies sender and receiver
Reliability Provides guaranteed delivery
Flow Control Ensures data flows at an efficient rate
Sequencing Uniquely labels each transmitted segment of data
Error Detection Determines if data became corrupted during
transmission
Application Process-to-process communications between
PROTOCOLS
PROTOCOL INTERACTION
• Networks require the use of
several protocols.
• Each protocol has its own function
and format.
Protocol Function
Hypertext Governs the way a web server and a web client
Transfer interact
Protocol Defines content and format
(HTTP)
Transmission Manages the individual conversations
Control Provides guaranteed delivery
Protocol (TCP) Manages flow control
Internet Delivers messages globally from the sender to the
PROTOCOL SUITES
NETWORK PROTOCOL SUITES
Protocols must be able to work with
other protocols.
Protocol suite:
A group of inter-related protocols
necessary to perform a communication
function
Sets of rules that work together to
help solve a problem
The protocols are viewed in terms
of layers:
Higher Layers
Lower Layers- concerned with moving
data and provide services to upper
layers
STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
OPEN STANDARDS
Open standards encourage:
• interoperability
• competition
• innovation
Standards organizations are:
• vendor-neutral
• non-profit organizations
• established to develop and
promote the concept of open
standards.
REFERENCE MODELS
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco
Confidential 29
REFERENCE MODELS
THE BENEFITS OF USING A LAYERED
MODEL
Complex concepts such as
how a network operates can
be difficult to explain and
understand. For this reason, a
layered model is used.
Two layered models describe
network operations:
• Open System
Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model
• TCP/IP Reference Model
REFERENCE MODELS
THE BENEFITS OF USING A LAYERED
MODEL (CONT.)
These are the benefits of using a layered model:
• Assist in protocol design because protocols that operate at a
specific layer have defined information that they act upon and a
defined interface to the layers above and below
• Foster competition because products from different vendors
can work together
• Prevent technology or capability changes in one layer from
affecting other layers above and below
• Provide a common language to describe networking functions
and capabilities
REFERENCE MODELS
THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL
OSI Model
Description
Layer
7- Contains protocols used for process-to-process
Application communications.
6-
Provides for common representation of the data
Presentati
transferred between application layer services.
on
Provides services to the presentation layer and to
5 - Session
manage data exchange.
4- Defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble
Transport the data for individual communications.
3- Provides services to exchange the individual pieces of
Network data over the network.
REFERENCE MODELS
THE TCP/IP REFERENCE MODEL
TCP/IP
Model Description
Layer
Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog
Application
control.
Supports communication between various devices
Transport
across diverse networks.
Internet Determines the best path through the network.
Network Controls the hardware devices and media that make
Access up the network.
REFERENCE MODELS
OSI AND TCP/IP MODEL COMPARISON
• The OSI model divides the
network access layer and
the application layer of the
TCP/IP model into multiple
layers.
• The TCP/IP protocol suite
does not specify which
protocols to use when
transmitting over a physical
medium.
• OSI Layers 1 and 2 discuss
the necessary procedures to
access the media and the
physical means to send data
over a network.
