Second Year Aero.

– 1st Term Course

Mechanics of
Structures
Reference :
“Aircraft Structures for
Engineering Students”
By: T.H.G. Megson
7th edition
Publisher : Elsevier
Aerospace
Engineering Design
eBook ISBN: 978-0-12-822868-5
 Revision : Symmetrical Bending : Bending @ Principal Axes.
Bending @ P.A y
y
Bending will only occur tension +ve σ & ε

Bending
Plane of
in the Plane of Loading. (+)
Load : Mx N.L : σ = ε = 0 z
Mx Mx tension
Plane of Loading : yz (–) side
Plane of Bending : yz Mx N.A x
v defl. only ; u=0 comp. –ve σ & ε
comp.
y Mx side
Plane of Bending : yz
x Cross – Section
x&y are Principal
Mx
Convex (tension) Axes ( Ixy = 0 )
N.L
e
l t o th
r ma
i sn
o
n ding
.A be
z C N ane of
Concave (comp.) pl
N.A
Mx

+ve Bending Moment

(causes tension in the +ve xy quadrant of the beam cross-section.) 2
 View B View A (plane yz)
(xz) y deflection : v z

Plane of Loading yz.

y x Plane of Bending yz. View B (plane xz)
i s) x u=0
x z
P x-a
( ∕∕
A
N.

z xis yz
-a g
de x din
View A
n si ∕∕ en
o . A b
(yz) nsi N of
te e
an
pl
┴
Symmetrical Bending

S ide Ixy = 0
om. The Only Plane of
c
Bending is the Plane of
Loading (yz).
v-deflection ONLY
u=0
3
Prof. Edward A. Sadek
 Symmetrical Bending : Ixy = 0
Symmetrical
Plane of Loading : Bending
xz
Plane of Bending : xz (Only)
Ixy = 0
Plane of Loading : xz
Bending in the plane of
loading xz only.
x
x
x
y y zz P
y

xx z
Bending in the xz plane only No Bending in the yz plane.
z def. u
z v=0
y

4
Prof. Edward A. Sadek
 General Bending : Ixy # 0
Plane of Loading : xz
Planes of Bending : Both xz (loading) & yz (normal)

Bending in the plane of loading xz

x &
x the plane normal to it yz.
z
y P
y

x Bending occurs in the the plane normal to it yz :

plane of loading xz :
z def. v
z y
def. u
&

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 5

General Bending of Open and Closed Section Beams :

Basic assumptions

 Plane sections of a beam before deformation remain plane after

deformation.
 The material of the beam is homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic.

tension

N.A : z Plane section

σ=ε= before deformation
0
remains plane after
deformation
comp.

Neglect Distortion of cross-section due to shear

(warping)

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 6

 Material Properties

Homogeneous : material properties are the same at any point.

(material properties are independent of location).

Isotropic : material properties are the same in any direction.

(material properties are independent of
orientation).

σ e
l in
ht
ig σ=Eε
ra
Linearly elastic : Linear stress-strain relation st
slope = E
ε

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 7

 y

c x

Sign conventions and notation :

 x & y axes : are in the plane of the cross-
section through centroid (not necessarily beam cross-section
principal axes).
 z axis : is along the length of the beam.

 Bending moments Mx ( about x-axis : yz

plane) & My ( about y-axis : xz plane)

they are +ve if Induce tension in the +ve xy

quadrant of the beam cross-section.

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 8

 y x
x
View y
(B)
y z
x
cross-section

View z
(A)
Mx
y y x dz

z
View (A) : Plane yz x
BM : Mx z
cross-section Mx S y L
SF : Sy

x My
x dz
View (B) : Plane xz y
z
BM : My z
My
SF : Sx cross-section y
Sx L 9
 +ve Sign Convention

dz
y x
Mx Mx
z P P Tz Tz
Sy Sy
Plane yz
Shear B.M Torsion
Axial (Thrust) (Twisting moment)
P Sy Mx
Tz

dz
x

z My My
P P Tz Tz
Sx Sx
y

Plane xz
Shear
Axial (Thrust)
B.M Torsion
Sx (Twisting moment)
P My
Tz
Prof. Edward A. Sadek 10
Load intensity , shear force and bending Moment relationships , general case :

wy / unit length

dS y
Sy + dz
dz
y
z

dMx
Mx Mx + dz
Sy O dz
The equilibrium of the element in the y direction dz
 dS y  dS y
 S y w y δ z  Sy  δ z  0  w y 
 dz  dz

Taking moments about O ,we have

δz
 dS y  dM
 Mx  wy δ z  S y  δ z  δ z   M x  x δ z  0
2  dz   dz 

δz  dS y   dM x  dM x
 wy  S y 

δz  
  dz  0  Sy 
2  dz   dz

2nd. order 2nd. order 11

 dS y dM x
w y  ; Sy 
∂z ∂z

Mx y
yz plane ( wy , Sy & Mx ) : plane of loading : yz
dS y d 2 M x Sy
 wy   x
dz dz 2 Mx
S y  w y dz & M x S y dz  w y dz dz
Mx

xz plane ( wx , Sx & My ) :
2
dS x d M y x
 wx   My Sx
dz dz 2
S x  w x dz & M y S x dz  w x dz dz My

z
My
plane of loading : xz
Prof. Edward A. Sadek 12
Axial Force P and Bending Moments Mx & My as Functions of the stress σz :

My
Mx
dA y x
My

dF = σz dA
C Mx
x
dF σ z dA z P

P   dF   σ z dA
Area Area

Mx   dF y  σ z dA  y 1.1 
Area Area

My   dF x  σ z dA  x
Area Area

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 13

Direct stress distribution due to general bending :

My

Mx

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 14

1. A beam of arbitrary cross-section.

2. The beam supports +ve bending moments Mx & My . No

My
axial force P.

nd of
3. The beam will bend about an axis in its

g
Be ane
in
cross-section. This axis is an axis of zero ten

Pl
s
stress (and accordingly zero strain). This sid ion
N e
is why it is called the “Neutral Axes : N.A” . co
m
sid p.
e
4. We will prove now that the N.A passes Mx
through the Centroid of the cross-section
‘C’. ze
st ro
ra
5. To do this assume that the N.A is at a in
A
distance ‘p’ from C.

On an element dA , the direct stress

σ z E ε z
Prof. Edward A. Sadek 15
 View A
Before Deformation
 My

nd of
View A

g
N.L z

Be ane
in
ten

Pl
s
sid ion
N e
co
Plane of Bending m
sid p.
e
Mx
The beam is bent to a radius of curvature ρ
about the N.L
ze
s t ro
After Deformation ra
in
A


N.
L
εz 
L

 ρ  ξ dθ  ρ dθ

ξ
L ρ dθ ρ
ξ
σ z E εz E
ρ
 d
Prof. Edward A. Sadek 16
The beam supports pure bending moments (zero axial force).

Hence, the resultant normal load on any section must be zero.

N
P   σ z dA =   E ξ  dA = E  ξ
 
dA =0
Area
ρ
Area   ρ Area

E
≠0   ξ dA =0
ρ Area
i.e 1st. moment of area @ N.A =0
A

i.e. the “first moment of area of the cross-section of the beam about the neutral axis is
zero".

1st. Moment of area =0 is the equation of a centroidal axis so it follows that :

“The Neutral Axis Passes Through the Centroid of the Cross-section”

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 17

 My
y

α
os
yc
inα

x
xs

Mx

ξ x sinα +y cosα Figure (b)

σ z E
ξ
E
x sinα +y cosα 
ρ ρ
E  sinα 
σ z  x y  
ρ cosα 

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 18

Calculation of Mx :
My
Mx    σ z dA  y
Area

E
σz  x sinα +y cosα 
ρ
Mx

E
Mx   σ z dA  y   ρ x sinα  y cosα  .ydA 
Area Area

E sinα E cosα
  xy dA   y 2 dA
ρ Area ρ Area

E
Mx 
ρ

I xy sinα  I x cosα 

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 19

Calculation of My :
E
My =  σ z dA  x σz 
ρ
x sinα +y cosα 
Area

E E E
My   σ z dA  x   x sinα  y cosα .xdA  sinα  x 2 dA  cosα  xy dA
Area Area
ρ ρ Area
ρ Area

E

E
 I y sinα  I xy cosα  Mx 
ρ

I xy sinα  I x cosα 
ρ

1
M x  E I x   sinα  M x  E
 I xy

 I xy Ix  1 0   sinα  E  sinα 
     I I xy     0 1  cosα  ρ  
M y  ρ  I y I xy  cosα   y M y  ρ   cosα 

1
E  sinα   I xy Ix  M x  1   I xy I x  M x  1   I xy I x  M x 
   I I xy    2      
ρ cosα   y M y  I x I y  I xy  I y  I xy  M y  k  I y  I xy  M y 

E  sinα    k xy k x  M x 
   k ( 1.6)
ρ cosα   y  k xy  M y 
 

2 I Iy I xy
k I x I y  I xy ; kx  x ; ky  ; k xy  1.7 
k k k
20
Prof. Edward A. Sadek
 E  sinα 
Stress σz as a function of Mx & My (P = 0) : σz  x y 
ρ cosα 
E  sinα    kxy k x  M x  E  sinα    k xy k x  M x 
σ z  x y    x y       
ρ cosα  k y  kxy  M y  ρ cosα   k y  k xy  M y 
   

M x 

  kxy x  k y y
   
k x x  k xy y  
 M 
 y 
0
=
  
σ z  k y y  k xy x M x + k x x  k xy y M y  A
:σ
z
=
0)
N. rP
(f o
  
σ z  k x M y  k xy M x x  k y M x  kxy M y y 
α

The equation of the N.A which is : σz = 0 , is given by :

kx M y  kxy M x x  k y M x  kxy M y y 0

This is the equation of a straight line lies in the plane of the cross-section (x-y plane) and
passes through the origin (x=0 and y=0) i.e. through the centroid of the cross-section.
Prof. Edward A. Sadek 21
For P = 0 :

The equation of the N.A is

kx M y  kxy M x x  ky M x  kxy M y  y 0

 Ix I xy 
 k x M y  kxy M x   M y  M x   I x M y  I xy M x 
y    x   k k  x   x
 k y M x  kxy M y  I I
 y M  xy M   I y M x  I xy M y 
   x y 
 
 k k 

 I x M y  I xy M x 
slope of the NA tan α    y
 I y M x  I xy M y 
 
NA
α x
α is measured counter – clockwise from +ve x-axis.

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 22

 Effect of an Axial Force P :

If besides the bending moments, an axial force P is acting at the centroid

of the cross-section , then

σ z σz P  σ z M
x ,M y

P
σz 
A
  
 kx M y  k xy M x x  k y M x  kxy M y y 
Eq. of the N.A : σ z 0
P
A
  
 k x M y  k xy M x x  k y M x  k xy M y y 0
 I x M y  I xy M x   P A 
y    x   
 I y M x  I xy M y   k y M x  k xy M y 
   

 This is an equation of a straight line lies in the plane of the cross-section (x-y plane)
 It does not pass through the origin (x=0 and y=0) i.e. does not pass through the
centroid of the cross-section.
Prof. Edward A. Sadek 23
  I x M y  I xy M x 
P 0 : y   x
 I y M x  I xy M y 
 
 I x M y  I xy M x   P A 
P 0 : y    x   
 I y M x  I xy M y   k y M x  kxy M y 
Summerizing :    
1. the neutral axis lies in the plane of the cross-section xy . 0
=
2. when P = 0 , it passes through the centroid. :P
A
N. 0
3. When P # 0 , the neutral axis has the same slope as the case when P #
:P
A
= 0 but it does not pass through the centroid. N.
4. The position and slope of the N.A depend upon :
α
a. the applied loading (P , Mx and My).

b. The geometrical properties of the cross-section α

A , Ixx , Iyy & Ixy ).

Note that the NA changes with the loading. σ (P) σ (M)

(+)
P P z (+) (+)
centroidal axis
N.A

M (‒) (‒)
M 24
Prof. Edward A. Sadek
Example 1-1. A beam having the cross-section shown is subjected to a bending
moment of 1500 N.m in a vertical plane. Calculate the maximum direct stress due to
bending stating the point at which it acts.

N.B.:
1. The B.M is in a vertical plane (yz
A1 y
plane) i.e B.M is Mx while My =0 .
36
2. This case is a case of general

bending since Ixy # 0. A2 vertical y

Solution : plane yz

Mx x
x & y are centroidal axes so we need to Mx
determine the position of the centroid of
the section. x z
A1 120 x 8 , A2 80 x 8 , A A1 +A2
A x A1 x 60  36   A2 x4 giving x 16.0 mm.
 80 
A y A1 x4  A2 x  8  giving y 21.6 mm
 2  25
 60

36  x 52 60  52 8
Calculation of the section properties
referred to Cxy :

17.6
36 8+40
x =16.0 , y = 21.6 mm
8 +40 - y
= 26.4
12

3 3
120x 8  2 8x 80  2
Ix  120x8x 17.6    80x8x 26.4  1.0899x106 mm4
12 12
3 3
8x 120  2 80x 8  2
Iy  120x8x 8    80x8x 12  1.3090x106 mm4
12 12
I xy 120x8x 8  x 17.6   80x8x  12  x  26.4  0.3379x106 mm4

k 1.3125x1012 mm8 , k y 0.9973x10  6 mm-4 , k xy 0.2574x10  6 mm 4

26
    
σ z  k y y  k xy x M x  k x x  k xy y M y

M x 1500 N.m and M y 0  σ z 1.496y  0.386x

N.A : σ z 1.496y  0.386x 0  y 0.258x

y
α tan  1 0.258 14.468 o counter - clockwise  NA
α x
or by the use of :

I x M y  I xy M x
slope tan α 
I y M x  I xy M y

I xy
tanα  0.258
Iy
α 14.468°
Prof. Edward A. Sadek 27
 52
σ z =1.496y  0.386x
21.6

52.3
9
36 α=14.468º
(+)
N.A
x =16.0
y = 21.6 mm

(–)

25
–96.
Maximum & minimum stresses occur at the furthest points from the N.A.

 
Point A : x  36 +x  52 mm , y y 21.6 mm

 σ A 52.39 N / mm2 ( max. tensile stress)

Point F : x  x  8  8 mm , y y  8 +80   66.4 mm

 σ F  96.25 N / mm2( max. comp. stress)

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 28

 Curvature and Radius of Curvature :

 Plane of bending.
 : deflection in the plane of bending.

z z + dz

 d 2 
dz ρ  dz  
 dz 2  d 2
  dz z + dz
1 d  2 dz 2
 d d
ρ dz 2  d 
+   dz
dz dz  dz 
ρ : Radius of curvature. d 2
dz
2
1 dz dz d
z
: Curvature. dz
ρ

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 29

 I x M y  I xy M x
Deflection due to bending (u & v) : slope of NA : tan α 
I y M x  I xy M y

 The beam bends about the N.A inclined

by an angle a to the x-axis.

 The deflection in the plane of loading N

(normal to the N.A ) is and the beam
radius of curvature is ρ.

 x and y components of deflection are u & v .

u   sinα , v   cosα A

ing
nd
1 d 2
y
NA

Be

ρ dz 2 C

of
x


ne
2 α
d 2u d 2 sinα sinα

Pla
u"  2 
dz dz 2
sinα 
ρ
;
ρ
 u"  v

d 2v d 2 cosα cosα u
v"  2  2
cosα  ;  v" 1  sinα  u" 
dz dz ρ ρ      
ρ cosα  v" 
30
Prof. Edward A. Sadek
 1  sinα  u" 
    
ρ cosα  v"   u"   1   k xy kx  M x 
     
 sinα    kxy kx  M x   v"  E  k y  k xy  M y 
E
    
ρ cosα   k y  k xy  M y 
 

1
  k xy kx  u"   1 M x 
 k    
 y  k xy  v"  E M y 

 I xy I x  u"   1 M x 
I    
 y I xy  v"  E M y 

M x   I xy I x  u" 
   E I  
M
 y  y I xy  v" 
or,
M x  E I xy u"  I xv"  ; M y  E I y u"  I xyv" 
31
 y
Mx : plane of

M x  E I xy u"  I x v"  loading : yz
x
Loading in Curvature in Curvature in Mx Mx
yz plane xz plane yz plane
: def. u : def. v

My
y

M y  E I y u"  I xy v"  x

Loading in Curvature in Curvature in My

xz plane xz plane yz plane
: def. u : def. v z
My : plane of
In general bending (bending @ non-principal axes) : loading : xz

Loading in a certain plane produces not only bending in this plane

but also bending in the plane normal to it.

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 32

 u"   1   k xy k x  M x  u iv   1   k xy
  k x  M"x 
     Differentiate twice     
v"  E  k y  k xy  M y  iv
v  E  k y  k xy  M" 
 y
2
dS y d 2 M x dS x d M y
 wy   &  wx  
dz dz 2 dz dz 2

u iv  1  kx  k xy  w x 
 
     
v iv  E   k xy k y  w y  having wx & wy : calculate u &v .

w x   kx  k xy   1 u iv 
 
w  E    
 y    k xy k y  iv
v 

w x   Iy I xy   iv 
u 
w  E     having u &v : calculate wx &
 y   I xy I x  iv
v 
wy which have caused them.

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 33

σz as a function of the curvatures u″ and v ″ : σz (u” , v”)

  
σ z  k y y  k xy x M x  k x x  k xy y M y 

M x  E I xy u"  I xv"  
; M y  E I y u"  I xyv" 
My
Mx
     
σ z  k y y  k xy x   E I xy u"  I xv"   k x x  k xy y   E I yu"  I xyv" 
     
I Iy I xy 2
kx  x ; ky  ; kxy  ; k I x I yy  I xy
k k k
 Iy I xy  I I xy 
σ z  y
 
x    E I xy u"  I xv"    x x 
 y    E I y u"  I xyv" 
   
 k k  k k 
E 

k      
I y y  I xy x I xy u"  I xv"  I x x  I xy y I y u"  I xyv" 
 

E
k

[v" x  I x I xy  I x I xy   2
v" y I x I y  I xy  
 u" y I y I xy  I y I xy 
 2
 u" x I x I y  I xy  ] 
E
v" y k  u" x k 
k  

σ z  E u" x v" y 
34
 Summary
 I x M y  I xy M x 
tan   
 I y M x  I xy M y


slope of the NA 
 

2
dS x d M y dS y d 2M x
 wx   ;  wy  
dz dz 2 dz dz 2

P
σz 
A
  
 k y y  k xy x M x  k x x  k xy y M y 
P
  
  k x M y  k xy M x x  k y M x  k xy M y y
A


u"   1   k xy k x  M x  M x   I xy I x  u" 

     ;    E   
v"
  E  k y  k xy  M y  M
 y   I y I xy  v" 

u iv  1  kx  k xy  w x  w x   Iy I xy  iv

u 
 iv      ;   E    iv 
v  E   k xy k y  w y  w
 y   I xy I x  v 

P
σz   E u" x  v" y  Prof. Edward A. Sadek 35
A
Example 1‑2. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the tip deflection ( u
and v ) of the cantilever shown. The second moments of area of its unsymmetrical

section are Ixx , Iyy and Ixy .

Mx
y
z
z
Mx
W
L

u"   1   kxy kx  M x 

    
M x W L  z  , M y 0 v"  E  k y  k xy  M y 

1 1
u" 
E

 k xy M x  k x M y  , v" 
E

k y M x  k xy M y 
Wk xy Wk
u"  L  z  , v"  y L  z 
E E

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 36

 Wk xy Wk y
u"  L  z  , v"  L  z 
E E
Integrating with respect to z

Wkxy  z2  Wk xy  z 2 z3 
u'   Lz   C1  ,u L   C1 z  C 2  ( iii)
E  2  E  2 6 
   
Wk y  z2  Wk y  z 2 z 3 
v'   Lz   C3  , v  L   C3 z  C 4  ( iv)
E  2 
 E  2 6 


End conditions :

At z = 0 , u = u’ = 0 → C1 = C2 = 0

At z = 0 , v = v’ = 0 → C 3 = C4 = 0
W ky z 2
v= 3L  z  defletion in the plane of ldg. 0
E 6
is always in the direction of the load W 
W kxy z 2
u= 3L  z  normal to plane of ldg.
E 6
could be ve ,  ve , or zero depending on the value of kxy 
u kxy I xy
 
v ky Iy Prof. Edward A. Sadek 37
 Wkxy z 2
u 3L  z 
Tip Deflection : E 6

Wk xy L3 Wk y z 2
uf.e. u z L  ( vi) v  3L  z 
3E E 6
 Wk y L3
vf.e. v z L  ( vii)
3E

The resultant deflection df.e at the free end is then given by

 1 uf.e  1 k xy  1 I xy
2 2


NA
δ f.e.  uf.e. +vf.e.  tan tan tan
vf.e ky Iy uf.e

δ f.e. is at an angle of  =tan  1 I xy

to the vertical. 𝜃 vf.e
Iy
f.e PO
B
I x M y  I xy M x I xy
tan α  = tanθ NA POB
I y M x  I xy M y Iy
The plane of bending POB is normal to NA.

Note that If Cx and Cy axes were principal axes, Ixy=0 :

 WL3
uf.e. 0, vf.e.  i.e. deflection in the vertical direction only (plane of loading).
3EI x 38
 Hint :
To derive expressions for u & v Due to Distributed Loads wx & wy :

1. If expressions for Mx and My can be easily written :

u"   1   k xy k xx  M x 
    
 k xy  M y 
a 
v"  E  k yy

2. Otherwise :

u iv  1   k xy kxx  w y 
 
.
 =    b 
iv
v  E  k yy  k xy  w x 

For Other cases of Loading :

Use eqn. (a)

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 39

Example :
Calculate the load intensity that causes bending moment distribution in the form :
3
w L  z 
Mx 
6L
Determine also the shear force distribution along the beam length

Solution :
dS y d 2M x
 wy  
Sy
dz dz 2
M x @ x : yz plane : load in the y-direction w y

d 2Mx  z
w y   w 1   Mx
2  L
dz
dM x w
Sy   L  z 2 y
dz 2L
or , w
w
S y  w y dz  L  z 2 z
2L
m L
Re actions : R
R   S y  wL 2 & m M x z 0 wL2 6
z 0
40
Prof. Edward A. Sadek
Example 1-3 : Calculate the deflection of a beam due to loading wy = ‒w (1‒z/L).
u"   1   k xy kx   M x 
 =   
y v"  E  k y  k xy  M y 0 
Mx 3
1  z  L  z  w L  z 
w = M x  L  z w 1    
w y ‒w (
1‒z/L 2  L  3  6L
)
z M y 0

z L‒z u"   1   k xy k x   M x 
    
v"  E  k y  k xy  M y 0 
L
ky k y  w L  z 4
1 z v"  Mx  v'   C1
L  z w 1   E E 24L
2  L
 z
w 1   k y w L  z 5
 L  v   C1 z  C 2
E 120L

L z  End Conditions : At z 0 ,v v' 0 

 
 3  wk y L3 wk y L4
L‒z C1  ; C2 
24E 120E
wk y
  
w y 1 st .order ; S y 2 nd order  v 
120EL 

 z 2 10* L3  10L2 z  5Lz 2  z 3 
 
M x 3 rd order ; u ,v 5 th order  k xy I xy
u  v  v 41
ky Iy
 y
Another Solution : wy =w
w (1‒z/
L)
wy = ‒w (1‒z/L) z

u iv  1
    k xy k x  w y  1   k xy k x   w 1  z  
        L 
iv
v  E  k y  kxy  w x  E  k y  k xy   
 0 
1   z  wk y
v iv  k y   w 1    ; v"'  L  z 2 C1
E   L  2EL
wk y wk y z2
v"  L  z 3  C1 z C 2
; v'  4
L  z  C1  C 2 z  C3
6EL 24EL 2
wk y 5 z3 z2
v  L  z   C1 C 2  C3 z  C 4 4 unknown constants C1 to C4 
120EL 6 2
Displacement End Conditions :
wk y L3 wk y L4
at z 0 ; v v' 0 2 conditions  ⇒ C3  ; C4 
24E 120E
So, we are still in need to another two conditions
Prof. Edward A. Sadek 42
Force end conditions :

Free end at z L : M x M y S y S x 0

M x   I xy I x  u"  S y  d M x   I xy I x  u"' 
   E    ;      E  
M
 y  Iy I xy  v"  S x  dz M
 y

 Iy I xy  v"' 

at z L : M x M y 0  u" v" 0
S y S x 0  u"' v"' 0

at z L : v" v"' 0  C1 C 2 0
wk y
v 
120EL 

 z 2 10* L3  10L2 z  5Lz 2  z 3 
 

and,
k xy wk xy
u 
ky
v
120EL 

 z 2 10* L3  10L2 z  5Lz 2  z 3 
 

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 43

 k yy k yy w L  z 4 k yy w L  z 5
v"  M x , v'  , v 
E E 24L E 120L
kxy kxy w L  z 4 kxy w L  z 5
u"  Mx , u'  , u
E E 24L E 120L

N.B.
u" u' u k xy I xy
   
v" v' v ky Iy

Prof. Edward A. Sadek 44