ENG6500: Intro to Machine Learning

“ML Tools: Introduction to Python (Part 1)”

Prof. S. Areibi
School of Engineering
University of Guelph
Downloading Python
 Downloading/Running
Python
 Download Python from
– https://www.python.org/downloads/
– This will create an IDLE Shell and a Python Terminal
– With the IDLE Shell you can create a new file and write your Python Code.
– You can then choose “Run” to execute the program
 Downloading and Installing Anaconda:
Steps: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HW29067qVWk

1. Visit Anaconda.com/downloads. ...

2. Visit the Anaconda downloads page. Anaconda.com/downloads
3. Select Windows where the three operating systems are listed.
4. Download. ...
5. Open and run the installer. ...
6. Open the Anaconda Prompt from the Windows start menu.
 Google Colab:
o https://colab.research.google.com/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN6OVm0mTHo
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Jupyter Notebook
 Jupyter Notebooks
 Notebooks are an excellent way to document an engineering
process because they allow you to combine nicely formatted text
with code and results.
 The Jupyter Notebook is a web application that allows you to
create and share documents that contain live code, equations,
visualizations and explanatory text.
 Jupyter notebooks use a serialized data storage format, JSON, to
store the document.
 They allow you to integrate many different text processing
formats, including HTML, Markdown and LaTex (a popular word
processor in STEM).
 Notebooks are integrated into Anaconda.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_BzsPxwLOE&list=PLeo1K3hjS3uuZPwzACannnFSn9qHn8to8
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 Jupyter Notebooks:
•
Resources
Jupyter Notebook: An Introduction
– https://realpython.com/jupyter-notebook-introduction/#creating-a-notebook
• How to Use Jupyter Notebook in 2020: A Beginner’s Tutorial
– https://www.dataquest.io/blog/jupyter-notebook-tutorial/
• Learn Jupyter (Tutorial)
– https://www.tutorialspoint.com/jupyter/index.htm
• What is Jupyter Notebook (YouTube)
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_BzsPxwLOE&list=PLeo1K3hjS3uuZPwzACannnFSn9qHn8to8
• Introduction to machine learning with Jupyter notebooks:
– https://developers.redhat.com/articles/2021/05/21/introduction-machine-learning-jupyter-notebooks#
• Jupyter Notebook Tutorial : The Definitive Guide:
– https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/tutorial-jupyter-notebook

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Python Basics
Introduction to Python
 Python is a high-level programming language
 Python is an Object Oriented Programming(OOP) language
 Practically everything can be treated as an object
 Strings, as objects, have methods that return the result of a
function on the string
 Open source and community driven
 “Batteries Included”
 A standard distribution includes many modules
 Source can be compiled or run just-in-time
 Similar to perl, tcl, ruby

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xQNeOTRyig
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Features of Python

9
Uses of Python

10
 Python
Frameworks/Libs

11
Best Python IDEs

12
Companies using
Python

13
Python: Preliminary
 Example Python

• Printing strings to the screen

print (“Hello World”)
• Prints Hello World to standard out
• Open IDLE and try it out yourself
• Follow along using IDLE
15
Comments in Python
• # is used for single line comment in Python
• """ this is a comment """ is used for multi line comments

# Python program to declare variables

# Declaring an integer variable
myNumber = 3
print(myNumber) Output:

“”” 3
Declaring a float 4.5
“”” hello world
myNumber2 = 4.5
print(myNumber2)

# Declaring a string
myString ="hello world"
print(myString)

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 White Space
Whitespace is meaningful in Python: especially
indentation and placement of newlines
 Use a newline to end a line of code
Use \ when must go to next line prematurely
 No braces {} to mark blocks of code, use
consistent indentation instead
• First line with less indentation is outside of the block
• First line with more indentation starts a nested block
 Colons start of a new block in many constructs,
e.g. function definitions, then clauses

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 Naming Rules
· Names are case sensitive and cannot start
with a number. They can contain letters,
numbers, and underscores.
bob Bob _bob _2_bob_ bob_2 BoB
· There are some reserved words:
and, assert, break, class, continue,
def, del, elif, else, except, exec,
finally, for, from, global, if,
import, in, is, lambda, not, or,
pass, print, raise, return, try,
while

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 Naming Conventions
The Python community has these recommend-ed
naming conventions
 joined_lower for functions, methods and, attributes
 joined_lower or ALL_CAPS for constants
 StudlyCaps for classes
 camelCase only to conform to pre-existing
conventions
 Attributes: interface, _internal, __private

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Python: Variables
 Variables
In other programming languages like C, C++, and Java, you will
need to declare the type of variables but in Python you don’t
need to do that.
Just type in the variable and when values will be given to it, then
it will automatically know whether the value given would be an
int, float, or char or even a String.
Need to assign (initialize)
• use of uninitialized variable raises exception
Everything is a "variable":
• Even functions, classes, modules

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Variables in Python

• We can assign values to variables

• X = 24, Y = 2.4, s = “My Name”
• We can find the type of the variable by using  type(var)
– type(X)  int
– type(Y)  float
– type(s)  string
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 Assignments
 You can assign to multiple names at the same time

>>> x, y = 2, 3
>>> x
2
>>> y
3
This makes it easy to swap values
>>> x, y = y, x
 Assignments can be chained
>>> a = b = x = 2

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 Basic Data Types
 Integers (default for numbers)
z = 5 / 2 # Answer 2, integer division
 Floats
x = 3.456
 Strings
• Can use “” or ‘’ to specify with “abc” == ‘abc’
• Unmatched can occur within the string:
“matt’s”
• Use triple double-quotes for multi-line strings or
strings than contain both ‘ and “ inside of them:
“““a‘b“c”””

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 Basic Data Types
# Python has several data types including int, float, string, complex, bool
a=3
type(a)
int
b = 3.14
type(b)
float
c = 14 + 3j
type(c)
complex
d = True
type(d)
bool
e = “Hello”
type(e)
str

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Python: Input
 Python I/O
• We can take input from the user via the keyboard and hence
manipulate it for simply display it.
• The function ``input()” is used to take input from the user.

# Python program to illustrate

# getting input from user Output:
name = input("Enter your name: ")
hello Shawki
# user entered the name ‘Shawki'
print("hello", name)

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 Python I/O

• You can prompt a user to enter an integer value via screen

using “input”
• In this example the variable “x” is assigned the value that is
entered by the user via the command “input”

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 Python Math

• You can prompt a user to enter a value via screen using “input”
• In this example two variables “x” and “y” are entered by the
user and several math operations are performed on these
variables and printed to the screen.

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Python: Lists, Tuples,
Strings
 Python Objects
1. Tuple: (‘john’, 32, [CMSC])
• A simple immutable ordered sequence of items
• Items can be of mixed types, including collection
types
2. Strings: “John Smith”
• Immutable
• Conceptually very much like a tuple
3. List: [1, 2, ‘john’, (‘up’, ‘down’)]
• Mutable ordered sequence of items of mixed
types

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 Python Objects
 All three sequence types (tuples, strings, and
lists) share much of the same syntax and
functionality.
 Key difference:
 Tuples and Strings are immutable
 Lists are mutable
 The operations shown in this section can be
applied to all sequence types
 most examples will just show the operation
performed on one

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 Objects: Definition
• Define tuples using parentheses and commas
>>> tu = (23, ‘abc’, 4.56, (2,3), ‘def’)

• Define lists are using square brackets and commas

>>> li = [“abc”, 34, 4.34, 23]

• Define strings using quotes (“, ‘, or “““).

>>> st = “Hello World”
>>> st = ‘Hello World’
>>> st = “““This is a multi-line
string that uses triple quotes.”””

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 Objects: Accessing
Members
• Access individual members of a tuple, list, or string
using square bracket “array” notation
• Note that all are 0 based…
>>> tu = (23, ‘abc’, 4.56, (2,3), ‘def’)
>>> tu[1] # Second item in the tuple.
‘abc’
>>> li = [“abc”, 34, 4.34, 23]
>>> li[1] # Second item in the list.
34
>>> st = “Hello World”
>>> st[1] # Second character in string.
‘e’

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 Objects: “+” Operator
The + operator produces a new tuple, list, or string
whose value is the concatenation of its arguments.

>>> (1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6)

(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

>>> [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6]

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> “Hello” + “ ” + “World”

‘Hello World’

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 Objects: “*” Operator
The * operator produces a new tuple, list, or string
that “repeats” the original content.
>>> (1, 2, 3) * 3
(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)

>>> [1, 2, 3] * 3
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

>>> “Hello” * 3
‘HelloHelloHello’
Objects: Lists
 String
 A string is a sequence of characters.
 In Python, a string is a sequence of Unicode characters. Unicode
was introduced to include every character in all languages and
bring uniformity in encoding.
Python has a great support for strings.
Strings can be created by enclosing characters inside a single
quote or double-quotes. Even triple quotes can be used in
Python but generally used to represent multiline strings and
docstrings.

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 Strings
# defining strings in Python
# all of the following are equivalent
my_string = 'Hello'
print(my_string)

my_string = "Hello"
print(my_string)

my_string = '''Hello'''
print(my_string)

# triple quotes string can extend multiple lines

my_string = """Hello, welcome to Hello
the world of Python""" Hello
print(my_string) Hello
Hello, welcome to
the world of Python

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 Strings
hello = 'hello' # String literals can use single quotes
world = "world" # or double quotes; it does not matter.
print(hello) # Prints "hello"
print(len(hello)) # String length; prints "5"
hw = hello + ' ' + world # String concatenation
print(hw) # prints "hello world"
hw12 = '%s %s %d' % (hello, world, 12) # sprintf style string formatting
print(hw12) # prints "hello world 12"

String objects have a bunch of useful methods; for example:

s = "hello"
print(s.capitalize()) # Capitalize a string; prints "Hello"
print(s.upper()) # Convert a string to uppercase; prints "HELLO"
print(s.rjust(7)) # Right-justify a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello"
print(s.center(7)) # Center a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello "
print(s.replace('l', '(ell)')) # Replace all instances of one substring with another;
# prints "he(ell)(ell)o"
print(' world '.strip()) # Strip leading and trailing whitespace; prints "world"

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Objects: Lists
 Lists
 A List is the Python equivalent of an array (but resizeable)
A List is the most basic Data Structure in python.
 List is a mutable data structure i.e items can be added to list
later after the list creation.
The append() function is used to add data to the list.

# Python program to illustrate a list

# creates an empty list

nums = [ ] Output:

# appending data in list [21, 40.5, String]

nums.append(21)
nums.append(40.5)
nums.append("String") Output:

print(nums) list
type(nums)

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 Lists
xs = [3, 1, 2] # Create a list
print(xs, xs[2]) # Prints "[3, 1, 2] 2"
print(xs[-1]) # Negative indices count from the end of the list; prints "2"
xs[2] = 'foo' # Lists can contain elements of different types
print(xs) # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo']"
xs.append('bar’) # Add a new element to the end of the list
print(xs) # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo', 'bar']"
x = xs.pop() # Remove and return the last element of the list
print(x, xs) # Prints "bar [3, 1, 'foo']"

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 Lists: append/insert

>>> li = [1, 11, 3, 4, 5]

>>> li.append(‘a’) # Note the method syntax

>>> li
[1, 11, 3, 4, 5, ‘a’]

>>> li.insert(2, ‘i’)

>>>li
[1, 11, ‘i’, 3, 4, 5, ‘a’]

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 Lists: append vs
extend
· + creates a fresh list with a new memory ref
· extend operates on list li in place.
>>> li.extend([9, 8, 7])
>>> li
[1, 2, ‘i’, 3, 4, 5, ‘a’, 9, 8, 7]

· Potentially confusing:
• extend takes a list as an argument.
• append takes a singleton as an argument.
>>> li.append([10, 11, 12])
>>> li
[1, 2,‘i’, 3, 4, 5,‘a’, 9, 8, 7,[10, 11, 12]]

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 Lists:
index/count/remove
Lists have many methods, including index, count,
remove, reverse, sort
>>> li = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘b’]
>>> li.index(‘b’) # index of 1st occurrence
1
>>> li.count(‘b’) # number of occurrences
2
>>> li.remove(‘b’) # remove 1st occurrence
>>> li
[‘a’, ‘c’, ‘b’]
 Lists: reverse/sort
>>> li = [5, 2, 6, 8]

>>> li.reverse() # reverse the list *in place*

>>> li
[8, 6, 2, 5]

>>> li.sort() # sort the list *in place*

>>> li
[2, 5, 6, 8]

>>> li.sort(some_function)
# sort in place using user-defined comparison
Lists: Change Value

>>> li = [“abc”, 23, 4.34, 23]

>>> li[1] = 45
>>> li
[“abc”, 45, 4.34, 23]
· We can change lists in place.
· Name li still points to the same memory
reference when we’re done.

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 Lists: Access index
>>> t = [23, “abc”, 4.56, (2,3), “def”]
Positive index: count from the left, starting with 0
>>> t[1]
‘abc’

Negative index: count from right, starting with –1

>>> t[-3]
4.56

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Lists: Access using “:”
>>> t = [23, “abc”, 4.56, (2,3), “def”]
Return a copy of the container with a subset of the
original members. Start copying at the first index,
and stop copying before second.
>>> t[1:4]
[‘abc’, 4.56, (2,3)]

Negative indices count from end

>>> t[1:-1]
[‘abc’, 4.56, (2,3)]

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Lists: Access using “:”
>>> t = [23, “abc”, 4.56, (2,3),“def”]

Omit first index to make copy starting from beginning

of the container
>>> t[:2]
(23, ‘abc’)

Omit second index to make copy starting at first index

and going to end
>>> t[2:]
(4.56, (2,3), ‘def’)

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Lists: Access using “:”
· [ : ] makes a copy of an entire sequence
>>> t[:]
(23, ‘abc’, 4.56, (2,3), ‘def’)

· Note the difference between these two lines for

mutable sequences
>>> l2 = l1 # Both refer to 1 ref,
# changing one affects both
>>> l2 = l1[:] # Independent copies, two refs

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 Lists: “in” Operator
· Boolean test whether a value is inside a container:
>>> t = [1, 2, 4, 5]
>>> 3 in t
False
>>> 4 in t
True
>>> 4 not in t
False

· For strings, tests for substrings

>>> a = 'abcde'
>>> 'c' in a
True
>>> 'cd' in a
True
>>> 'ac' in a
False

· Be careful: the in keyword is also used in the syntax of for

loops and list comprehensions
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Objects: Tuples
 Tuples
>>> t = (23, ‘abc’, 4.56, (2,3), ‘def’)
>>> t[2] = 3.14
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#75>", line 1, in -toplevel- tu[2] = 3.14
TypeError: object doesn't support item assignment

· You can’t change a tuple.

· You can make a fresh tuple and assign its
reference to a previously used name.
>>> t = (23, ‘abc’, 3.14, (2,3), ‘def’)
· The immutability of tuples means they’re faster than
lists.

55
 Tuples vs. Lists
 Lists slower but more powerful than tuples
 Lists can be modified, and they have lots of
handy operations and mehtods
 Tuples are immutable and have fewer features
 To convert between tuples and lists use the list()
and tuple() functions:
li = list(tu)
tu = tuple(li)

56
Objects: Dictionary
More Python Objects
• Lists (mutable sets of strings)
– var = [] # create list
– var = [‘one’, 2, ‘three’, ‘banana’]
– You can add items to the List created
• Tuples (immutable sets)
– var = (‘one’, 2, ‘three’, ‘banana’)
– You cannot add any new elements
• Dictionaries (associative arrays or ‘hashes’)
– var = {} # create dictionary
– var = {‘lat’: 40.20547, ‘lon’: -74.76322}
– var[‘lat’] = 40.2054
• Each has its own set of methods

58
 Dictionary
 A Dictionary is similar to a list.
 Dictionary is a mutable data structure i.e items can be added to
list later after the Dictionary creation.

# Python program to illustrate a dictionary

Dict = {“Name”: “John Adams”, “Age”: 63, “Occupation”: “Student”

Dict [“Name”]
Dict[“Country”] = “Canada”
Print(Dict)

Output:

‘John Adams’

Output:

{‘Name’: ‘John Adams’, ‘Age’: 63, ‘Occupation’: ‘Student’, ‘Country’: ‘Canada’}

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 Dictionary: Access
Method
• Dictionary.keys()  lists all keys of a dictionary
• Dictionary.values()  list all values
• Dictionary.items()  List of item Tuples

>>> d = {‘user’: ‘bozo’, ‘p’: 1234, ‘i’: 34}

>>> d.keys() # List of keys

[‘user’, ‘p’, ‘i’]

>>> d.values() # List of values

[‘bozo’, 1234, 34]

>>> d.items() # List of item tuples

[(‘user’,‘bozo’), (‘p’,1234), (‘i’,34)]

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Dictionary: Access/Modify
• Dictionary.get()  get the key value
• Dictionary.update()  change the value of the key

>>> d = {‘user’: ‘bozo’, ‘p’: 1234, ‘i’: 34}

>>> d.get(“user”) # Value of user key

[‘bozo’]

>>> d.update({“user”: “Zana”}) # Change value

print(d)
{‘user’: ‘Zana’, ‘p’: 1234, ‘i’: 34}

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Objects: Set
 Sets
 A Set is similar to a List.
 It displays only unique non-repeated items

# Python program to illustrate a Set

letters = set()

for char in 'ichthyosaur':

letters.add(char)
print(letters)

{'a', 's', 'h', 'y', 'i', 'c', 'r', 'o', 'u', 't'}

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Python: Control Structures
 Control Structures
if condition: while condition:
statements statements
[elif condition:
statements] ... for var in sequence:
else: statements
statements
break
continue

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Grouping Indentation
In Python: In C:

for i in range(20): for (i = 0; i < 20; i++)

if i%3 == 0: {
if (i%3 == 0) {
print i
printf("%d\n", i);
if i%5 == 0:
if (i%5 == 0) {
print "Bingo!"
printf("Bingo!\
print "---" n"); }
}
printf("---\n");
}

66
 Selection in Python
Selection in Python is made using the two keywords
‘if’ and ‘elif’ (else if) and else

# Python program to illustrate

# selection statement
Output:
num1 = 34
Num1 is good
If (num1 > 12):
print("Num1 is good")
elif (num1 > 35):
print("Num2 is not gooooo....")
else:
print("Num2 is great")
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 Selection in Python
Notice a colon following if, elif, else statements
Notice indentation of statements following if, elif, else

# If-elif-else construct

A = 400
B = 250 Output:
If B > A: A is Greater than B
# Notice indentation of statement
print(“B is Greater than A”)
elif A == B:
print (“A is Equal to B”
Else:
print(“A is Greater than B”)
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 Looping with For
• For allows you to loop over a block of code a set number of times

# Python program to illustrate Output:

# a simple for loop
0
1
for step in range(5): 2
print(step) 3
4

69
 Looping with For
• For is great for manipulating lists:

# Looping with for statement

MyList = ['cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
for x in MyList:
print(x, len(x))

70
 Looping with While
• Similarly, while allows you to loop over a block of code a set
number of times

# Python program to illustrate Output:

# a simple while loop
1
2
i=0 3
while i < 8: 5
6
i = i +1 # Increment i 7
if i == 4: 8
continue
print(i)

71
Python: Functions
Functions, Procedures
• A Python Function is a block of related statements designed to
perform a computational, logical, or evaluative task.

• The idea is to put some commonly or repeatedly done tasks together

and make a function so that instead of writing the same code again
and again for different inputs, we can do the function calls to reuse
code contained in it over and over again.

• Functions can be both built-in or user-defined. It helps the program to

be concise, non-repetitive, and organized.

• Python uses the keyword ‘def’ to define a function.

Syntax:
Syntax:
def function_name(arguments):
def function-name():
statement(s)
#function body
return expression

73
 Creating/Calling a
Function
Creating a Function:
• We can create a Python function using the def keyword.

# A simple Python function, no arguments

def fun():
print("Welcome to ENG6500!!")

Calling a Function
• We can call a function by using the name of the function followed by
parenthesis containing parameters of that particular function.

# Driver code to call a function Output

fun() Welcome to ENG6500!!

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Example Function
# Python program to illustrate functions
def hello():
print("hello")
print("hello again")

# calling function
hello()

# calling function
hello()

Output:

hello
hello again
hello
hello again

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 Function Arguments
Arguments of a Function
• Arguments are the values passed inside the parenthesis of the function.
• A function can have any number of arguments separated by a comma.

# A simple Python function to check

# whether x is even or odd

def evenOdd(x):
if (x % 2 == 0):
print("even")
else: Output
print("odd") even
odd
# Driver code to call the function
evenOdd(2)
evenOdd(3)

76
 Example Function
def gcd(a, b):
"greatest common divisor"
while a != 0:
a, b = b%a, a # parallel assignment
return b

>>> gcd.__doc__
'greatest common divisor'
>>> gcd(12, 20)
4

77
 Example Function
• Now as we know any program starts from a ‘main’ function…
• Let’s create a main function like in many other programming languages

# Python program to illustrate function with main

def getInteger():
result = int(input("Enter integer: "))
return result

def Main():
print("Startin @ Main") Output:
# calling the getInteger function and
Starting @ Main
# storing its returned value in the output variable
output = getInteger() Enter integer: 5
print(output)

# now we are required to tell Python

# for 'Main' function existence
if __name__=="__main__":
Main()

78
Python: Modules
 Modules
• Python has a very rich module library that has several functions to do
many tasks.
• The ‘import’ keyword is used to import a particular module into your
python code.
• For instance, consider the following program.

# Python program to illustrate

# math module
import math

def Main(): Output:

num = -85
85.0
# fabs is used to get the absolute
# value of a decimal
num = math.fabs(num)
print(num)

if __name__=="__main__":
Main()
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Python: Files
 Files
• Files are manipulated by creating a file object
– f = open("points.txt", "r")
• The file object then has new methods
– print f.readline() # prints line from file
• Files can be accessed to read or write
– f = open("output.txt", "w")
– f.write("Important Output!")
• Files are iterable objects, like lists

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Python: Keywords
 Keywords
Keywords in Python are reserved words that can not be used as a
variable name, function name, or any other identifier.
List of all keywords in
Python

and as assert break

class continue def del
elif else except False
finally for from global
if import in is
lambda None nonlocal not
or pass raise return
True try while with
yield

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 Keywords
We can also get all the keyword names using the below code.
# Python code to demonstrate working of iskeyword()

# importing "keyword" for keyword operations

import keyword

# printing all keywords at once using "kwlist()"

print("The list of keywords is : ")
print(keyword.kwlist)

Output:

The list of keywords is :

[‘False’, ‘None’, ‘True’, ‘and’, ‘as’, ‘assert’, ‘async’, ‘await’, ‘break’, ‘class’, ‘continue’, ‘def’,
‘del’, ‘elif’, ‘else’, ‘except’, ‘finally’, ‘for’, ‘from’, ‘global’, ‘if’, ‘import’, ‘in’, ‘is’, ‘lambda’,
‘nonlocal’, ‘not’, ‘or’, ‘pass’, ‘raise’, ‘return’, ‘try’, ‘while’, ‘with’, ‘yield’]

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Platforms: Linux
 Running on Linux
On Unix…
% python
>>> 3+3
6
· Python prompts with ‘>>>’.
· To exit Python (not Idle):
• In Unix, type CONTROL-D
• In Windows, type CONTROL-Z + <Enter>
• Evaluate exit()

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 Running on Linux
· Call python program via the python interpreter
% python fact.py
· Make a python file directly executable by
• Adding the appropriate path to your python
interpreter as the first line of your file
#!/usr/bin/python
• Making the file executable
% chmod a+x fact.py
• Invoking file from Unix command line
% fact.py
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 Example `script’:
fact.py
#! /usr/bin/python
def fact(x):
"""Returns the factorial of its argument, assumed to be a posint"""
if x == 0:
return 1
return x * fact(x - 1)
print
print ’N fact(N)’
print "---------"
for n in range(10):
print n, fact(n)

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Platforms: Notebooks
 Jupyter/Colab
Notebooks
· A Jupyter notebook lets you write and execute Python code locally in
your web browser.
· Jupyter notebooks make it very easy to tinker with code and execute it
in bits and pieces; for this reason they are widely used in scientific
computing.
· Colab on the other hand is Google’s flavor of Jupyter notebooks that is
particularly suited for machine learning and data analysis and that runs
entirely in the cloud.
· Colab is basically Jupyter notebook on steroids: it’s free, requires no
setup, comes preinstalled with many packages, is easy to share with the
world, and benefits from free access to hardware accelerators like
GPUs and TPUs (with some caveats).

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Summary
 Summary
o Python is a high-level, general-purpose and a very popular
programming language that was developed by Guido van
Rossum in the early 1990s.
o Python is an interpreted language i.e. it’s not compiled and
the interpreter will check the code line by line.
o Python programming language (latest Python 3) is being
used in web development, Machine Learning applications,
along with all cutting-edge technology in Software
Industry.
o Python Programming Language is very well suited for
Beginners, also for experienced programmers with other
programming languages like C++ and Java.
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Python: Resources
 Additional Python
Resources
• Python Homepage
http://www.python.org/
• Dive Into Python
http://www.diveintopython.org/
• Learning Python, 3rd Edition
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/9780596513986/
• Getting Started Writing Geoprocessing Scripts
Available on ESRI's support page

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Resources
 Misc. Resources:
YouTube
o Introduction to Python Basics:
 https://open.ed.ac.uk/5861-2/
o Python for Beginners:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqtD5dpn9C8
o How to install Anaconda
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71DMPhmxOS4
o Introduction to Python-1 (Simplilearn)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xQNeOTRyig
o Learn Python – Full Course
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfscVS0vtbw

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 Misc. Resources:
Documents
o Python Basics:
• https://www.learnpython.org/
• https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/?ref=shm
• https://machinelearningmastery.com/logging-in-python/?utm_source=drip&utm_medium=email&utm
_campaign=An+intro+to+decorators+in+Python&utm_content=An+intro+to+decorators+in+Python

o Python Numpy:
• https://cs231n.github.io/python-numpy-tutorial/

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