Basic of Computing Science
(ITU 07101)
Lecture 1: Concepts of Computer
System.
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Sub-enabling outcomes
• Explain concepts of computer system.
• Explain computer design logic and functionality.
• Describe concepts of modern programming
languages.
• Use programming language skills to design
algorithms for problem solving.
• Use programming language skills to implement
a financial related program.
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Related Tasks
• Identify computer systems components
• Explain types of computers systems
• Explain computer organizations
• Explain computer logic elements and logic
design
• Explain characteristics of computer hardware
and software
• Describe functionality and performance
attributes of computer systems
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Related Tasks cont..
• Explain the evolution of programming
languages
• Explain fundamental concepts of
programming languages
• Distinguish Compiled vs. interpreted
languages
• Explain the imperative, functional and
declarative languages
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Related Tasks cont..
• Design a short financial program
• Compile the financial program
• Debug the financial program
• Test the financial program
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Course assessment
• One written test (20%)
• Lab assignment and Class Activity (20%)
• Final examination - 60%
• Pass Mark – 40%
• Make-up and Special test are permanently
not available in this course.
• AVOID SPECIAL TEST WHERE NECESSARY.
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Background
• To be a professional in any field today, one
should not regard the computer as just a
black box that executes programs by
magic.
• All students should acquire some
understanding and appreciation of a
computer system’s functional components,
their characteristics, their performance,
and their interactions.
• Understand the tradeoff among various
components such as CPU clock speed vs.
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memory size.
What is a System
• A system is a collection of components
linked together and organized in such a
way as to be recognizable as a single unit.
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What is a System
• A system is a collection of components
linked together and organized in such a
way as to be recognizable as a single unit.
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Information System Components
– Key Components of an information
system consists of:
– Hardware
– Software
– Data
– People
– Networks
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Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)
• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, Barcode Scanner.
• Processing: CPU executes the computer program.
• Output: monitor, printer.
• Storage: hard drive, USB storage media, optical media.
What is the computer?
• A Computer is an electronic device that
process and convert data into information
that is useful to people.
• It is a device that performs the information-
processing cycle.
• The information-processing cycle consists of
four basic operations: input, processing,
output, and storage.
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Computer System Components
• Hardware
– Processes data by executing instructions
– Provides input and output
– Control input, output and storage components
• Software
– Applications and system software
– Instructions tell hardware exactly what tasks to perform and in what
order
• Data
– Fundamental representation of facts and observations
• Communications
– Sharing data and processing among different systems
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-13
Components of Computer system
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Computer Fundamentals
• It has the ability to store, retrieve and process
data.
• A complete computer system includes four
distinct parts/components:
– Hardware
– Software
– Data
– User
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Computer Hardware
• Hardware refers to the physical parts of a
computer.
• It refer to the components that you can see
and touch.
• The hardware components of a computer
can be divided into several types of device.
• Mention these devices
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Basic Concepts of Computer Hardware
Primary Memory
Input CPU Output
Units (Central Processing Unit) Units
• This model of the typical digital computer is often called the von
Neumann computer.
– Programs and data are stored in the same memory: primary memory.
– The computer can only perform one instruction at a time.
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Hardware Component
• Input/Output devices
• Storage Devices
• CPU – Central Processing Unit
– ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
– CU: control unit
– Interface unit
• Memory
– Short-term storage for CPU calculations
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-18
Types of Hardware devices
• Input devices-Used to put data into a
computer.
• Processor-Does something on the data entered
as input.
• Output device-Used to display the results of
processing.
• Storage device-It keeps all the data and
software that is used.
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Computer Fundamentals
• Hardware is made up of the physical parts of
the computer, including such components as
the system unit, monitor, keyboard, and
printer.
• Software is made up of all the programs that
instruct the computer.
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Hardware and Software
• Hardware:
o A computer's hardware consists of electronic devices; the
parts you can see and touch.
o The term "device" refers to any piece of hardware used by
the computer, such as a keyboard, monitor, modem,
mouse, etc.
• Software
o Software – also called programs – consists of organized
sets of instructions for controlling the computer.
o Some programs exist for the computer's use, to help it
manage its own tasks and devices.
o Other programs exist for the user, and enable the
computer to perform tasks for you, such as creating
documents.
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Basic operations of a computer system
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Basic operations of a computer system
All computer functions are:
1. Data movement
2. Data storage
3. Data processing –
– from/to storage
– from storage to I/O
4. Control
Software
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Software
• Software are programs, with instructions which guide the
computer performing tasks that are associated with using and
controlling hardware.
• Generally, software are saved on storage media.
• Overall, a software is one of the major intangible components
of any information technology systems; they are so created to
aid us in performing tasks using the computer as well as using
hardware features and functions to assist us.
• Therefore, based on our needs, software is categorized as
either:
o System software : –interfaces (acts as a means of
communication) between the user, the applications, and
the hardware of a computer system
o Application software :- consist of functions that perform
specific or human related tasks for us users
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Software
Software can be grouped
as system software or
application software
◦ System software includes the
programs that assist with the
proper functioning of
the computer.
◦ Application software
includes the programs used
to perform tasks.
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Software
User
Application
Software
System
Software
Hardware
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System Software
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System software
• System software consists of all the
programs that enable the computer and
its peripheral devices to function
smoothly.
• System software is divided into two main
categories:
– The operating system (OS)
– System utility programs
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System Software
• System Software
– Enables application software to interact with the computer
– Helps the computer to manage its own internal and
external resources
• System Software (Operating System)
– Must be installed before application software
– Operating System (OS) options for the PC
• Linux
• Windows
• Unix
• Mac OS
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Operating System
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The Operating System
• Management of the resources
of a computer are performed
by the computer’s operating
system (OS).
• The coordination of the
functions of a computer’s
hardware is the prime
responsibility of the operating
system.
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The Operating System
• The five basic functions carried out by the
operating system are:
– Starting the computer
– Managing applications
– Managing memory
– Handling input and output device messages
– Providing a user interface for communication
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Role of an Operating System
• User/ programmer convenience:
simple, consistent way for
applications to interact with
the hardware.
• Greater resource utilization:
manages the hardware and software
resources of the computer system,
often invisibly.
Benefit for application developers
• Don’t have to manage hardware complexity:
Application developers can design software for an
OS and it will run on all machines that support that
OS.
The OS hides and manages the hardware
complexity and provide an Application Programmer
Interface (API).
Core Tasks of an OS
1. Processor management
2. Memory management
3. Device management
4. Storage management
5. Application Interface
6. User Interface
Processor Management
• Various programs compete for the attention of the
microprocessor.
• The OS plays the role of the honest referee, making
sure that each application gets the necessary
attention required for its proper execution.
• It tries to optimally manages the limited
processing capacity of the microprocessor to the
greatest good of all the users & apps
Memory Management
• Straight forward for a single-user, single tasking
• The OS ensures that:
o OS keeps track of memory locations to
prevent programs and data from
overlapping each other
oapplications do not run into other
application’s private memory.
oSwaps portions of programs and data into
the same memory but at different times
oKeeps track of virtual memory
Storage Management
• A file system is a collection of directories,
subdirectories, and files organized in a logical order
• The OS is responsible for maintaining the file
system through indexing of filenames and their disk
location.
• The OS can find any file in a logical and timely
fashion
User Interface
• Users communicate with the computer using a
consistent user interface provided by the OS
• This user interface can be a command-line interface in
which a user types in the commands.
• Or, it can be a graphical UI, where Windows, Icons,
Menus, and a Pointing device (such as a mouse) is
used to receive and display information.
Types of Operating Systems
Classification according to type of computers and
applications they support
oReal-Time Operating System (RTOS)
oSingle-User, Single Task
oSingle-User, Multi-Tasking
oMulti-User
RTOS
• Used to run computers embedded in machinery,
robots, scientific instruments and industrial systems
• An important part of an RTOS is managing the
resources of the computer so that a particular
operation executes in precisely the same amount
of time every time it occurs
• Examples: QNX, Real-time Linux
Single-User, Single Task
• OS designed to manage the computer so that one
user can effectively do one thing at a time
Example: MS-DOS is an example single-tasking
single-user OS with a command line interface.
Single-User, Multi-Tasking
• Most popular OS
• Used by most of PCs and Laptops
• Lets a single user interact with several
programs, simultaneously
Example: Windows, Mac OS, Linux
Multi-User
• A multi-user OS allows many users to take
advantage of the computer's resources,
simultaneously
Example: MVS, OPENVMS, UNIX
Common Operating
Systems
oPersonal Computers(PC)
oMobile phones
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Personal Computer (PC)
Operating Systems
oMicrosoft OS
oLinux OS
oUnix OS
oMAC OS
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Microsoft
Operating Systems
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Linux
Operating Systems
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Mac
Operating Systems
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Mobile
Operating Systems
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Utilities
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System Utilities:
Housekeeping Tools
• System utilities (utility programs) are
system software programs that are
essential to effective management of the
computer system.
• System utilities include software that
performs such tasks as backing up files,
providing antivirus protection, and
compressing files.
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Utilities
• Service programs that perform tasks related to the
control and allocation of computer resources
• Some come with the OS, others can be bought
separately like
– Norton SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities
• Practical Utility programs perform the following tasks
– Virus protection
– Data compression
– Disk scanner & disk cleanup
– Backup
– Data recovery
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Application Software
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General-Purpose Applications
• Application software is any program that
gives the user the ability to complete work
on the computer.
• There two categories of the Application
software:
1. General-purpose Application software
2. Tailor-Made Application software
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General-Purpose Applications
• General-purpose applications are the
programs that enable users to complete
common tasks.
• General-purpose applications include:
– Personal productivity programs
– Multimedia and graphics software
– Internet programs
– Home and education programs
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General-Purpose Applications
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General-Purpose Applications
• Personal productivity
program
– Makes it easier to do work
– Examples
• Word processing software
• Spreadsheet or database software
• Presentation software
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General-Purpose Applications
• Internet programs
– Help users communicate, learn, and interact
through the Internet
– Examples include:
• E-mail
• Instant messaging software
• Web browsers
• Video conferencing programs
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General-Purpose Applications
• Home and educational programs
– Computerized reference software
– Personal finance software
– Computer-aid tutorials
– Computer games
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Tailor-Made Applications
• Software designed for specific businesses
or users is known as a tailor-made
application.
• Tailor-made applications normally cost
more than general-purpose applications
because of their development costs.
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Tailor-Made Applications
• When an application is not available,
custom software, software developed for a
user’s specific needs, may be necessary.
• Packaged software is developed for the
mass market.
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Application Software
• Application Software
– Software developed to solve a particular problem
for users
• Either performs useful work on a specific task
• Or provides entertainment
– We interact mainly with this software
– Install after the OS
– Application depends on OS, for example
• Linux applications won’t work on Windows
• Windows applications won’t work on Linux
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Application Software Interface
• Application developers do not need to know much
about the hardware
• The OS provides all applications with a straight-
forward and consistent interface to hardware
Example: An application uses the OS to store data
on the disk drive without knowing exact physical
characteristics of the disk.
Application Software
• There are 5 ways to legally obtain software
1. Commercial Software
• Copyrighted – license must be purchased
2. Public-domain software
• Not copyrighted – legal to copy
3. Shareware
• Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it
4. Freeware
• Copyrighted – but available for free. Pay on honor system
5. Rentalware
• Copyrighted – lease for a fee
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Application Software
• Software License Types
– Site licenses
• Allow software to be used on all computers at a specific
location
– Concurrent-user license
• Allows a specified number of copies to be used at one time
• May require additional license-monitoring software
– Multiple-user license
• Specifies the number of people who may use the software
– Single-use license
• Limits the software to one user at a time
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Application Software
• Other software categories
– Pirated software
• Software obtained illegally in violation of copyright
• Software & Industry Information Association Anti-Piracy
division prosecutes violators of software copyright laws
http://www.siia.net/piracy/
• Don’t pirate software!!!
– Abandonware
• Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its
publisher
• Subject to copyright for 95 years from date of publication
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The End
Thank You
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