MANAKULA VINAYAGAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
PHASE II – Review
Batch No-05
THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF AN
HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATOR EQUIPPED WITH A LATENT HEAT
STORAGE UNIT
Team members
KISHOREKUMAR.S (21TB0045) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
VIKNESH.P (21TB0052)
DANISHKUMAR.S (21TBL012) Mr.R.ILANDJEZIAN M.Tech., (Ph.D).,
Assistant Professor
 AIM & OBJECTIVE
 Our project focuses on maintaining refrigerator temperatures during power
outages using phase change materials (PCMs) that store thermal energy for later
use, ensuring consistent cooling and minimizing temperature fluctuations.

Using the Phase Change Material(PCM) in the refrigerator, the energy

consumed by the compressor can be considerably controlled.
 ABSTRACT
• This work investigates the design and operation of a thermal storage refrigerator.
Firstly, compressor performance at a range of typical refrigerator operating
conditions were going to be analysed.
• The model results suggest that refrigerator compressors are more efficient when
running.
• A method is proposed for exploiting the superior performance of refrigerator
compressors by accumulating their high cooling capacity output in a phase change
material (PCM), reducing the number of on/off cycles.
• Numerical modelling and experimental validation were to be undertaken using a
prototype thermal storage refrigerator, incorporating a PCM, to estimate the PCM
charge and discharge rate and the corresponding refrigerator on and off cycle
durations at different ambient conditions.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
S.No Title of the Paper with Date of Publication, Journal Observation from paper Remarks
Name, Author Name

This paper presents a first step in the This paper presents a first step
design of an improved refrigerator using in the design of an improved
phase change material as a cold storage. A refrigerator using phase
simplified dynamic model based on change material as a cold
R. Fioretti et al. differential equations is developed for storage. A simplified dynamic
1 Energy Conversion and Management 122 (2016) predicting the energy impact due to the model based on differential
addition of the PCM. equations is developed for
predicting the energy impact
due to the addition of the
PCM.

2 Zhongbao Liu a,b,*, Danfeng Zhao a, Qinghua Wang c, Yuanying The air-cooled frost-free refrigerator has In the process of compressor
Chi b, Lingfei Zhang d a become the main power consumer among OFF-time, PCM restrained the
house hold appliances.This study presents air temperature in the fresh
The Department of Refrigeration and Cryogenics Engineering,The a new air-cooled household refrigerator food compartment and the
College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing that uses PCM in the fresh food and temperature of the M-packs in
University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan Road, Chaoyang, freezing chambers. Operational the freezing
Beijing 100124, China (12 April 2017) characteristics and performance test compartment.Using PCM can
results are provided in the conditions of guarantee that the average
off-peak refrigeration with PCM and temperature of the fresh food
conventional refrigeration with/without compartment does not exceed
PCM. 8 °C, and the average
temperature of M-packs in the
freezing chamber does not
exceed to 18 °C.
 Title of the Paper with Date of Publication,
S.No Journal Name, Author Name Observation from paper Remarks

Md. Imran H. Khan Science & Engineering The contrivance of the refrigeration This review paper presents a
Faculty, Queensland University of Technology 2 system in the 21st century is one of the comprehensive review of the
3 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia worthiest ¯ndings for human history.1 application of PCM with the
Mechanical Engineering Department Dhaka The great invention lets nature be conventional refrigeration
University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur, controllable, however, also accelerates system. For designing a PCM-
Gazipur-1700, Bangladesh energy crisis and environmental based refrigerator system, many
pollution, that leads to massive global important factors should be
warming problem. considered that are discussed in
this paper.
A.C. Marquesa,b,*, G.F. Daviesa, G.G. Firstly, compressor performance at a The compressor performance
Maidmenta, J.A. Evansa, I.D. Woodb a range of typical refrigerator operating analysis demonstrated that in
Department of Urban Engineering, London South conditions was analysed. The model general, larger compressors are
4 Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 results suggest that larger compressors more efficient, with isentropic
0AA, UK bAdande Refrigeration, 45 Pinbush are more efficient when running, with ef f iciency increasing by 50%
Road, South Lowestoft Industrial Estate, isentropic efficiency increasing by as the displacement increased
Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 7NL, UK 50% as the displacement increased from 4 to 8cm3.
from 4 to 8 cm3.
S.No Title of the Paper with Date of Observation from paper Remarks
Publication, Journal Name,
Author Name

Martinez PJ, Pinazo JM, This PCM system has significantly decreased Energy consumption tests have
Velázquez A. Passive thermal the rate of temperature increase inside the shown that heat loads resulting
energy storage inrefrigerated freezerduring defrosting and power loss. from door openings and defrost
trailers. ASHRAE Trans Energy consumption was measured during cycles increase the energy
2003:324–8. steady operation, a defrostcycle of 30 min, consumptionof the freezer by
and a scheme of eight door openings at 40 11–17% and 15–21%
5 minintervals. It was found that heat loads respectively. Theinclusion of
caused greater energy consumption, and that PCM into the freezer has
the presence of PCM during defrosting and decreased the energy
door openingsresulted in slightly lower energy consumption during a defrost
consumption compared to without PCM. cycle by 8%, and by 7% during
door openings for this system.
 COMPONENTS USED
 Refrigerator
 PCM-Slab
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate slat
 Distilled water
Thermostat
BLOCK DIAGRAM
COMPONENTS

PCM-Slab
Distilled water
Magnesium Chloride Hexa-hydrate
 Load condition with respect to
capacity of refrigerator
The test conditions are

 0% of Total Capacity of the refrigerator

 25% of Total Capacity of the refrigerator
 50% of Total Capacity of the refrigerator
 75% of Total Capacity of the refrigerator
 100% of Total Capacity of the refrigerator
 FLOW CHART
PROCESS

Selecting PCM Material

Set PCM Material on

condenser & evaporator

Measure COP Compare Measure COP

Measure temperature of Measure temperature od

condenser evaporator & Compare condenser evaporator &
compressor compressor

Calculate COP Compare Calculate COP

 TEMPERATURE READING

INITIAL TEMPERATURE SET TEMPERATURE

LOAD CALCULATION

Load calculation for (50%) of 180(lit)

= 90(lit) kept inside the refrigerator

Energy consumption test :

Time started : 11:20Pm

6hrs
To be end at : 5:20 Pm

Energy consumption :

without load = 0.27kWh

Energy Consumption Without Load

23(lit) = 0.28 / 6hrs

Time Started : 10:40 AM
End at : 04:40 PM
6hrs = 0.28 X 4
= 1.12Kw/h per day

= 0.75kwh
 Energy Consumption with Load
For (25%) = 46(lit)
= 0.94kW/h (for 6hrs)
=0.94x4
= 3.76Kw/h

For (50%) = 92(lit)

= 1.88kW/h (for 6hrs)
= 1.88x4
= 7.52kW/h

For(75%) = 138(lit)
= 1.88x0.25
= 0.47+1.88
= 2.35kW/h
14.1kW/h
For (100%) = 184(lit)
= 15.04kW/h
 Power Consumption cost per month without PCM

Power consumed in one hour = 0.2 kW x Power consumed in a day.

= 0.2 × 24 = 4.8 kW/day

Power consumed per month = 4.8×30

= 144 kW/month.
Now ,

f we consider 3₹ cost for 1Kw-hr (kWh) Electricity cost per day = 4.8×3

Electricity cost per day = 14.4 ₹Electricity cost per month = 14.4×30

Electricity Cost per month = 432₹

Power Consumption cost with & without PCM (per month )

Power consumed in one hour = 0.1 kW x Power consumed in a day.

= 0.1 × 24 =2.4 kW /day

Power consumed per month = 2.4 × 30

= 72 kW /month.
Now ,

If we consider 3₹ cost for 1 kW -hr (kW) Electricity cost per day = 2.4×3

Electricity cost per day = 7.2 ₹ Electricity cost per month = 7.2×30

Electricity Cost Per month = 216 ₹

 ENERGY CONSUMPTION TEST READING:
S.NO LOAD CONDITION IN INITIAL SET TIME TO POWER
(LITERS) TEMPERATURE] TEMPERATURE REACH SET CONSUMPTIO
(°C) (°C) TEMPERATURE N IN (kW)
(°C)
1
46 (25%) 32°C 18°C 6hrs 3.76kW/h
2
92 (50%) 32°C 18°C 6hrs 7.52 kW/h

3
138 (75%) 32°c 18°C 6hrs 14.1 kW/h

4
184 (100%) 32°C 18°C 6hrs 15.04 kW/h
 GRAPH (ENERGY CONSUMPTION):
2.WithPCM:
1.Without PCM:
 INFILTRATION LOAD :

Refrigerator infiltration load calculation involves determining the heat

gain due to air exchange when the refrigerator or cold storage door is
opened. This is important for sizing refrigeration systems efficiently.

Estimating Air Infiltration Volume:

Air infiltration depends on:

 Door Openings – Frequency and duration of door openings
 Door Size – Larger doors allow more air exchange
 Stack Effect – Hot air entering at the top and cold air leaving at the
bottom
 Fan-Induced Air Movement – Additional air movement due to
ventilation
 Testing standards
BIS (BEAURU OF INDIAN STANDARDS ) 17550

 Part 1
 Part 2
 Part 3
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after
the draft finalized by the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Sectional
Committee had been approved by the Mechanical Engineering Division
Council.
These household refrigerating appliances, which are factory-assembled and
cooled by internal natural convection including mechanical and absorption
type (direct cool) or forced air circulation (frost-free), were earlier covered
in two separate standards that is, IS 1476 (Part 1) and IS 15750
respectively.
List of Refrigerator accidents in India
DO’S AND DON’T’S
 QUIZ COMPETITION – THE REFRIGERATOR AWARENESS RIDDLE
An awareness quiz competition conducted by the project members to create a awareness about the
refrigerator .

E-certificates are issued to the participants

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 PCM Slab Preparation: Magnesium chloride hexahydrate was used to prepare

PCM slabs with a 1:10 ratio.
 Optimal Ratio: The 1:10 ratio achieved the longest discharge time, making it the
optimized ratio for magnesium chloride hexahydrate salt.
 Energy Consumption Testing: Energy consumption tests were conducted with and
without load, before and after installing PCM slabs.
 Performance Tests: Various tests were performed, including ice-making, vapor
condensation, odor and taste, and thermal insulation tests.
 Energy Savings: The use of PCM slabs resulted in decreased energy consumption
by the refrigerator.
 CONCLUSION
• The integration of a latent heat storage (PCM) unit into a conventional
refrigeration system significantly enhances thermal performance and energy
efficiency.
• The experimental results confirmed that the use of phase change materials
(PCMs) in the Latent Heat storage unit helps maintain a more stable internal
temperature and reduces compressor cycling frequency.

• Overall, the study demonstrates that incorporating Latent Heat storage systems
in refrigerators is a viable method for improving cooling efficiency, reducing
energy consumption, and increasing system reliability, particularly during
power interruptions or peak load conditions
 References
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Company, NY, 1982).
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3. D. Y. Liu, W. R. Change and J. Y. Lin, Performance comparison with e®ect of door opening on variable
and ¯xed frequency refrigerators-freezers, Appl. Therm. Eng. 24 (2004) 2281–2292.
4. T. M. I. Mahlia, H. H. Masjuki, R. Saidur, I. A. Choudhury and A. R. NoorLeha, Projected elec tricity
savings from implementing minimum energy e±ciency standard for household refrigerators in Malaysia,
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2003.
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THANK YOU…...