Chapter One

Introduction to
Object oriented
Programming

1
Introduction to Programming
languages
• Programming languages are set of rules, symbols and special words
used to construct a computer program. There are 3 levels of PLs.
1. Low level programming languages
• It uses machine languages
• Only 0s and 1s are used to develop a program
• They are very fast because there is no intermediate device between them
• It is only machine (compiler) understandable language
2. Assembly programming language
• Uses mnemonics(short English words) eg: add, sub, mov
• Difficult to write and debug the errors
• Requires assembler to translate into machine code

2
Introduction to Programming languages
cont…
3. High level programming language
• Easy to develop programs
• Easy to debug errors
• Requires translator to convert into machine code
• Eg. Java. C++, PHP, C# etc…

3
Programming paradigm
• Programming paradigm are the patterns or models of programming
every programming languages design to fit into a specific paradigm.
There are 2 paradigms
• Procedural (structural) oriented programming (POP):
• The objects oriented programming(OOP):

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Procedural (structural) Oriented
programming paradigm (POP):
• In the POP, one focus is on the decomposition of problems into various
functional components.
• The program is organized into a collection of functions (also known as
procedure or subroutines) which will be executed in a defined order to
produce the desired result.
• Most of the programs developed in the olden days were procedural.
• In this paradigm more emphasis is given to the function (procedure) ,which
was involved in the problem solving
• It does not model real world problems very well.
• This is because function are action oriented and do not really correspond to
the elements of the problems
• eg: COBOL, FORTRAN, and C, B. 5
POP MAIN PROGRAM GLOBAL DATA

FUNCTION 1 FUNCTION 2 FUNCTION 3

FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 5

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An Example Of The Procedural Approach
(Presentation Software)
• Break down the program by what it does (described with actions/verbs)
PowerPoint

Filing Editing … Helping

Creating Opening a Saving a … Exiting

new document document program
document
The objects oriented paradigm:
• This program is a relatively new approach to problem solving in
objects oriented paradigm.
• The main issue is modeling real life objects which take part in
computerized system that is being build.
• OOP treats data as a critical element in the program development and
does not allow it to flow freely around the system.
• OOP allows decomposition of a program into a number of entities
called objects and then builds data and function around these
objects.
• Eg. C++, JAVA, C#, PHP etc.
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 An Example Of The Object-
Oriented Approach
(Simulation)
• Break down the program into entities (classes/objects - described
with nouns)
Zoo
Animals Buildings ETC.

Visitors
Lions

Staff
Tigers
Admin
Bears (oh
my!) Animal
care
Classes/Objects
• Each class of object includes descriptive data.
• Example (animals):
• Species
• Color
• Length/height
• Weight
• Etc.
• Also each class of object has an associated set of actions
• Example (animals):
• Sleeping
• Eating
• Excreting
• Etc.
OOP
Object 2
Object 1

Data Data

Function Function

Object 3

Data

Function

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The structure, or building blocks, of object-oriented programming include the following:
• Objects are instances of a class created with specifically defined data.
• Objects can correspond to real-world objects or an abstract entity.
• Methods are functions that are defined inside a class that describe the behaviors of
an object.
• Each method contained in class definitions starts with a reference to an instance
object.
• Additionally, the subroutines contained in an object are called instance methods.
• Attributes are defined in the class template and represent the state of an object.
Objects will have data stored in the attributes field. 12
 POP Vs OOP
POP
Main program is divided into small parts depending on the
functions.
The Different part of the program connects with each other
by parameter passing & using operating system.
Every function contains different data.
Functions get more importance than data in program.
Most of the functions use global data.

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POP Cont.…
Same data may be transfer from one function to another
There is no perfect way for data hiding
More data or functions may not be added with program if necessary
with out changing of the whole program.
To add new data in program, user should be ensure that function
allows it.
Top down process is followed for program design (breaking down of a
system to gain insight into its compositional sub-systems)

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OOP
Main program is divided into small object depending on the problem.
Functions of object linked with object using message passing.
Data & functions of each individual object act like a single unit
Data gets more importance than functions in program.
Each object controls its own data.

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OOP cont..
Data hiding possible in OOP which prevent illegal access of function
from outside of it.
More data or functions can be added with program if necessary. For
this purpose full program need not to be change.
Message passing ensures the permission of accessing member of an
object from other object.
Bottom up process is followed for program design(piecing together of
systems to give rise to more complex systems).

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Features of Object oriented
Programming
• The Objects Oriented programming language supports all the features
of normal programming languages.
• In addition it supports some important concepts and terminology
which has made it popular among programming methodology.
• The important features of Object Oriented programming are:
Inheritance
Polymorphism/ Overloading
Data Hiding /Encapsulation

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Inheritance
• Inheritance as the name suggests is the concept of inheriting or deriving
properties of an exiting class to get new class or classes.
• In other words we may have common features or characteristics that may be
needed by number of classes.
• So those features can be placed in a common tree class called base class
• And the other classes which have these characteristics can take the tree class
and define only the new things that they have on their own in their classes.
• These classes are called derived class.
• It helps in reducing the code size
• Since the common characteristic is placed separately called as base class and it
is just referred in the derived class.
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Polymorphism
• Poly refers many
• Similar objects can respond to the same message in different ways.
• For example, you might have a system with many shapes.
• However, a circle, a square, and a star are each drawn differently.
• Using polymorphism, you can send each of these shapes the same message
(for example, Draw), and each shape is responsible for drawing itself.
• Overloading means two or more methods having the same method name
but takes different input parameters.
• This called static because, which method to be invoked will be decided at
the time of compilation
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Data Encapsulation/ Data Hiding
The data is hidden inside the class by declaring it as private inside the
class.
When data or functions are defined as private it can be accessed only by
the class in which it is defined.
When data or functions are defined as public then it can be accessed
anywhere outside the class.
Object Oriented programming gives importance to protecting data which
in any system.
This is done by declaring data as private and making it accessible only to
the class in which it is defined.
This concept is called data hiding. 20
Encapsulation cont.…
Data encapsulation, sometimes referred to as data hiding, is the
mechanism whereby the implementation details of a class are kept
hidden from the user.
The user can only perform a restricted set of operations on the hidden
members of the class by executing special functions commonly called
methods.
The actions performed by the methods are determined by the
designer of the class, who must be careful not to make the methods
either overly flexible or too restrictive.

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Benefits of Object Oriented
Programming
1. Modularity:
• Modularity refers to the concept of making multiple modules first and then linking and combining
them to form a complete system. Modularity enables re-usability and minimizes duplication.

2. Information-hiding:
• By interacting only with an object's methods, the details of its internal implementation remain
hidden from the outside world.
3. Code re-use:
• If a class already exists, you can use objects from that class in your program.
4. Easy Debugging:
• If a particular object turns out to be a problem, you can simply remove it from your application and
plug in a different object as its replacement.
• This is analogous to fixing mechanical problems in the real world. 22