ROLL NO.
- 25/SET/BCIE/033
SECTION - M1
Unit 1: Introduction to
Programming and Problem Solving
1.1 Anatomy of Computer System
• A computer has three main parts: CPU,
Memory, and I/O devices.
• CPU is the brain, Memory stores data, I/O
helps give input and get output.
• Example: Keyboard (input), Monitor (output).
1.2 Concept of OS, Translators
• The Operating System manages all computer
parts.
• Translators change our program into machine
language.
• Example: Compiler for C, Interpreter for
Python, Assembler for Assembly.
1.3 Basics of Programming
• High-level languages are easy for humans to
read and write.
• Low-level languages are close to machine
code.
• Example: High-level → Python, C. Low-level →
Assembly.
1.4 Problem Solving Approach
• We solve problems step by step using clear
methods.
• This is called stepwise refinement.
• Example: To find the largest number → Read
numbers, Compare, Print result.
1.5 Algorithms and Flowcharts
• Algorithm = step-by-step instructions to solve
a problem.
• Flowchart = diagram showing steps with
shapes and arrows.
• Example: Flowchart to check if a number is
even or odd.
1.6 Pseudocode
• Pseudocode is writing steps in simple English
before coding.
• It makes the logic clear for everyone.
• Example: INPUT A, B → SUM = A+B → PRINT
SUM.
1.7 Number Systems
• Numbers can be written in Binary (2), Octal
(8), Decimal (10), Hexadecimal (16).
• We often convert between these systems.
• Example: Binary 1010 = Decimal 10.
