Data Communications
Lecture 05: Data Encoding
Course Instructor : Hussain Shah
Department: Shaykh Zayed Islamic Centre
University Of Peshawar
Hussain Shah
Digital-to-analog Conversion
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of
changing one of the characteristics of an
analog signal based on the information in
digital data.
Hussain Shah
Figure 5.1 Digital-to-analog conversion
Hussain Shah
• Bit rate is the number of bits per
second.
• Baud rate :How many times a signal
changes per second
• In the analog transmission of digital
data, the baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.
Hussain Shah
Hussain Shah
Hussain Shah
Figure 5.2 Types of digital-to-analog conversion
Hussain Shah
1) Amplitude Shift Keying
In amplitude-shift keying
(ASK), the modulated wave
represents the series of bits by
shifting abruptly between high
and low amplitude.
Hussain Shah
Amplitude Shift Keying……..
Different values represented by different
amplitudes of signal
Attenuation causes problems;(Attenuation
means loss of energy.)
Used over optical fiber
Hussain Shah
Figure 3-28
ASK
Hussain Shah
2) Frequency Shift Keying
Different values represented by different
frequencies
Less chances of error than ASK
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of
transmitting digital signals.
The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high),
are each represented by an analog waveform.
Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a
specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a
wave at a different frequency.
In frequency-shift keying (FSK), the bit stream is
represented by shifts between two frequencies.
Hussain Shah
Frequency Shift Keying…..
Hussain Shah
Figure 3-29
FSK
Hussain Shah
3) Phase Shift Keying
In phase-shift keying (PSK), amplitude and frequency remain
constant; the bit stream is represented by shifts in the phase of the
modulated signal.
Hussain Shah
Phase Shift Keying
Phase of carrier signal is shifted to
represent different values
Hussain Shah
Figure 3-30
PSK
Hussain Shah
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
Combination of both Amplitude and Phase
shift keying
Inayat khan
Figure 3-31
Time Domain for 8-QAM Signal
Hussain Shah
Difference between Bit rate and Baud rate
