Data Communications
Lecture-02
Course Instructor : Hussain Shah
Department: Shaikh Zayed Islamic Centre
University Of Peshawar
Lecture overview
Network Criteria
Applications of Networks
Protocols
Line configuration
Transmission Mode
Network Criteria
For a network to be considered effective & efficient,
It must meet the following criteria.
Performance
Reliability
Security
Performance
Performance can be measured in many ways including
transit time and response time.
Transit time: The amount of time required for a message to travel from
one device to another.
Response time: The elapsed (having passed) time between an
inquiry (Question) and a response.
Performance of a network depends on a number of factors
including:
Number of users
Type of transmission medium
The capabilities of the connected hardware
The efficiency of software
Reliability
In addition to accuracy of delivery, network reliability is also
important for an effective network.
Reliability measures
Frequency of failure
Recovery time after a failure
Catastrophe (Disaster)
Security
Network security issues include protecting data from
unauthorized access and viruses.
Unauthorized access
Virus protection
Applications of Networks
Data communication networks have been essential part of business,
industry & entertainment.
Marketing & Sales: Marketing Professionals use them to collect, exchange
and analyze data relating to customer needs and product development cycles.
Financial Services: Applications include credit card history searches,
foreign exchange and investment services .e.g. ATM, Electronic, Money
gram etc.
Applications of Networks
continued…
Electronic Messaging: The most widely used network
application.
Directory Services: Directory services allow lists of files to be
stored in a central location to speed world wide search operations.
Information Services: Network information services include
Information publishing services, products information.
Electronic Data Interchange: EDI allows business documents to
be transferred without using paper.
Teleconferencing: Teleconferencing allows conferences to occur
without participants being in the same place.
Cellular Telephone: wireless communication over large distances
Cable Television: video on request, financial and communication
services.
Protocol
Entity: An entity is anything capable of sending or receiving
information, e.g. Application programs, File transfer
packages, browsers, database management systems and
electronic mail software.
System: A system is a physical object that contains one or
more entities, e.g. computers and terminals.
Protocol: A set of rules which govern the data
communication.
Protocol defines:
o What to communicate?
o When to communicate?
o How to communicate?
Key elements of a protocol
Syntax
Syntax refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning
the order in which it is presented.
Semantics
Semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits.
How is a particular pattern to be interpreted?
Timing
Timing refers to two characteristics when data should be
sent and how fast it should be sent?
Line configuration
Line configuration: A line configuration refers to the way
two or more communication devices attach to a link.
Link: A link is the physical communication pathway that
transfers data from one device to another.
For communication to occur two devices must be
connected in some way to the same link at the same time.
Point-to-point
Multi-point
Point-to-point
configuration
Features:
Dedicated link between two devices
The entire capacity of the channel is reserved for transmission between
those two devices.
Multi-point configuration
A multi-point also called multi-drop line configuration is one in which
more than two specific devices share a single link.
Features:
In a multi-point environment, the capacity of the channel is shared
either spatially (Space) or temporally.
Transmission Mode
The term Transmission Mode is used to define the direction of signal
flow between two linked devices.
Simplex
Half-duplex
Full-duplex
Simplex Mode
In simplex mode the communication is uni-directional as on a one-way
street.
Only one of the two stations on a link can transmit, the other can only
receive.
Examples: Keyboard, Monitor, Mouse
Half Duplex
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive but not
at the same time.
When one device is sending, the other can only receive.
The half-duplex mode is like a one-lane road with two-directional
traffic.
The entire capacity of the communication channel is taken over by
whichever of the two devices is transmitting at the time.
e.g. walkie-talkie
Full duplex
In full-duplex mode both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously.
The full duplex mode is like a two-way street with traffic flowing in
both directions at the same time.
In full duplex mode signals going in either direction share the capacity
of the link.
This sharing can occur in two ways either the link must contain two
physically separate transmission paths,one for sending and the other for
receiving or the capacity of the channel is divided between signals
traveling in opposite directions.
HAVE A NICE DAY!!!
