Introduction to Embedded
Systems
For Classroom Teaching – With
Examples
What is an Embedded System?
• A combination of hardware and software designed for a specific task.
• Embedded into a larger system to perform dedicated functions.
• Examples: Washing machines, microwaves, digital cameras, printers.
Characteristics of Embedded
Systems
• Single-purpose: Performs a specific function.
• Real-time operation: Responds to events quickly.
• Low power consumption.
• Small size and cost-effective.
• Reliable and efficient.
Components of Embedded Systems
• Hardware: Microcontroller, sensors, actuators, power supply.
• Software: Program stored in memory controlling the system.
• Input Devices: Sensors, buttons, communication modules.
• Output Devices: Displays, motors, LEDs.
Examples of Embedded Systems
• Automotive: Engine control unit, ABS system.
• Home Appliances: Washing machine, microwave oven.
• Consumer Electronics: Digital cameras, smart TVs.
• Industrial: Process controllers, robotic arms.
Introduction to Microcontrollers
• A microcontroller is a small computer on a chip.
• Contains CPU, memory, I/O ports, and peripherals.
• Common families: AVR, PIC, ARM Cortex.
• Example: ATmega16 used in many educational projects.
AVR Family Overview
• Developed by Atmel (now Microchip).
• 8-bit RISC architecture – fast execution.
• Popular in Arduino boards.
• Wide range: ATtiny, ATmega, ATxmega series.
ATmega16 Features
• 16KB Flash program memory.
• 1KB SRAM, 512B EEPROM.
• 32 I/O pins.
• 8-channel 10-bit ADC.
• Timers, UART, SPI, I2C, PWM.
Seven Segment Display Example
• Seven LEDs arranged to display numbers.
• Types: Common Cathode (CC), Common Anode (CA).
• Used in counters, digital clocks, meters.
• Can be connected in single mode or multiplexed mode.
Multiplexed Seven Segment
Display
• All segments of digits are connected together.
• Digit select pins control which display is ON.
• MCU lights up digits rapidly one after another.
• Saves microcontroller pins.
