UME 2746
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Unit 2 Lecture 3
Dr. S.A.Srinivasan
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
SSN College of Engineering
Session Meta Data
Author S.A.Srinivasan
Reviewer
Version Number 1
Release Date 01.08.2024
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Revision History
S. No. Revision Date Details Version no.
1 - New content 1.0
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Unit 2
ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES
Electromechanical batteries - Types of batteries, battery manufacturing –
battery terminology – SOC, DOD, SOH – battery recycling – Battery
management System (BMS), design consideration and building blocks of
BMS – Electro-chemical reactions, Thermodynamic voltage, specific
energy, specific power, energy efficiency and Ultra-Capacitors
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A Battery Management System (BMS)
• A Battery Management System (BMS) is an electronic system that manages
a rechargeable battery (cell or battery pack), such as by protecting the
battery from operating outside its safe operating area, monitoring its state,
calculating secondary data, reporting that data, controlling its environment,
and balancing it.
• BMSs are used in a wide variety of applications, including electric vehicles,
solar panels, and power tools. They are essential for ensuring the safety,
performance, and longevity of battery-powered systems.
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Blocks (Eg. Li Ion system)
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The BMS comprises four primary functional blocks:
Cut-off FETs:
The Cut-off FETs serve as an isolation mechanism between the battery and the
charger. They facilitate the connection of the high-side and low-side of the
battery pack. The high-side activates the MOSFET using the charge pump
driver, while the low-side activates the MOSFET without the need for a charge
pump driver. Integrating Cut-off FETs reduces the overall cost of the BMS and
eliminates the use of high voltage devices, thus saving significant die area.
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• Gauge Monitor:
The Gauge Monitor aids in tracking the charge entering and leaving the battery
pack. The charge flow is calculated by multiplying the current and time. Various
methods can be employed to measure current flow, but the most efficient and
cost-effective approach involves measuring the voltage across a sense resistor
using a 16-bit ADC with low offset and a high common-mode rating. Employing
a higher ADC allows for a broader dynamic range and faster operation.
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• Cell Voltage Sensors:
Cell voltage monitoring is a standard function of the Battery Management
System. It helps determine the battery's health by ensuring that all cells in the
battery operate at standard voltage levels during charging and discharging. This
approach enhances safety and improves the battery's lifespan.
• Temperature Monitoring:
With advancing technology, batteries are designed to supply high currents while
maintaining a constant voltage. However, high current flow can lead to rapid
temperature increases, potentially resulting in accidental explosions. To prevent
this, the BMS continuously monitors the battery's temperature and regulates it
to the rated value. This feature is valuable as it alerts users to start/stop
charging or discharging when the temperature exceeds the specified threshold.
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Working
• The BMS works by constantly monitoring the battery's state and taking steps
to protect it from damage. For example, if the battery's voltage gets too high,
the BMS will shut off the charger. If the battery's temperature gets too high,
the BMS will reduce the charging current.
• The BMS also collects data about the battery's performance, such as its state
of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), and remaining useful life. This data
can be used to optimize the battery's performance and extend its lifespan.
• The operation of a battery management system (BMS) relies on the
complexity of the onboard electronic components.
• The BMS's microcontroller constantly measures the real-time cell voltage and
current, utilizing this information to control the switching of MOSFETs. The
BMS employs a single bus for both charging and discharging operations.
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Working
• The BMS's microcontroller constantly measures the real-time cell voltage and
current, utilizing this information to control the switching of MOSFETs. The
BMS employs a single bus for both charging and discharging operations.
• Initially, both the charging and discharging FETs remain off, resulting in no
current flow.
• The BMS's microcontroller detects the voltage at the input and activates the
charging MOSFET, initiating the battery charging process.
• If there is no voltage present at the input pin, the BMS determines that a load
is connected and activates the discharging FET.
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Cell Balancing
Passive Cell Balancing: This method employs bypass
resistors to discharge excess voltage from cells and equalize
their charge levels.
Active Cell Balancing: In this approach, the excess charge
from one cell is transferred to another cell with a lower
charge to equalize them. It utilizes charge-storing capacitors
and inductors.
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Must read
• ISL94203 standalone battery pack monitor
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Thank you
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