Course Name: Database Management System

Course Code: BCS755A

Module 1- Chapter-1
 Introduction
• Several activities every day – involve interaction
with a database.
• Traditional DBS- textual or numeric information
 Introduction
• Advances in technology – new applications of
database systems
• The proliferation of social media websites such as
facebook, twitter, instagram, whatsapp has given
rise to nontraditional data
• Nontraditional data – posts, tweets, images,
video clipsc
 Evolution of DBs
• Navigational DBs – Hierarchical

• Relational DB

• SQL DB

• Object Oriented DB

• NoSQL
 Introduction
Databases and Database Users
 Outline
 Types of Databases and Database Applications
 Basic Definitions
 Typical DBMS Functionality
 Example of a Database (UNIVERSITY)
 Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
 Database Users
 Advantages of Using the Database Approach
 When Not to Use Databases

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 Basic Definitions
 Database:
 A collection of related data.

 Data:
 Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.

 Mini-world:
 Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a

database. For example, student grades and transcripts at a

maintenance of a computerized database.

applications are also included.

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Simplified Database System Environment
 Typical DBMS Functionality
 Define a particular database in terms of its data types,
structures, and constraints
 Construct or Load the initial database contents on a
secondary storage medium
 Manipulating the database:
 Retrieval: Querying, generating reports
 Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to its content
 Accessing the database through Web applications
 Processing and Sharing by a set of concurrent users and
application programs – yet, keeping all data valid and
consistent
 Typical DBMS Functionality
 Other features:
 Protection or Security measures to prevent
unauthorized access
 “Active” processing to take internal actions on data
 Presentation and Visualization of data
 Maintaining the database and associated
programs over the lifetime of the database
application

Called database, software, and system
maintenance

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 Example of a Database
(with a Conceptual Data Model)
 Mini-world for the example:
 Part of a UNIVERSITY environment.
 Some mini-world entities:
 STUDENTs
 COURSEs
 SECTIONs (of COURSEs)
 (academic) DEPARTMENTs
 INSTRUCTORs

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Example of a simple database

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 Main Characteristics of the
Database Approach
 Self-describing nature of a database system:
 A DBMS catalog stores the description of a particular
database (e.g. data structures, types, and constraints)
 The description is called meta-data.
 This allows the DBMS software to work with different
database applications.
 Insulation between programs and data:
 Called program-data independence.
 Allows changing data structures and storage organization
without having to change the DBMS access programs.

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 Main Characteristics of the
Database Approach (continued)
 Data Abstraction:
 A data model is used to hide storage details and
present the users with a conceptual view of the
database.
 Programs refer to the data model constructs rather
than data storage details
 Support of multiple views of the data:
 Each user may see a different view of the
database, which describes only the data of
interest to that user.

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 Main Characteristics of the
Database Approach (continued)
 Sharing of data and multi-user transaction
processing:
 Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from and to
update the database.
 Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that each
transaction is correctly executed or aborted
 Recovery subsystem ensures each completed transaction
has its effect permanently recorded in the database
 OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major part of
database applications. This allows hundreds of concurrent
transactions to execute per second.

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 Database Users
 Users may be divided into
 Those who actually use and control the database
content, and those who design, develop and
maintain database applications (called “Actors on
the Scene”), and
 Those who design and develop the DBMS
software and related tools, and the computer
systems operators (called “Workers Behind the
Scene”).

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 Database Users
 Actors on the scene
 Database administrators:

Responsible for authorizing access to the database,
for coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring
software and hardware resources, controlling its use
and monitoring efficiency of operations.
 Database Designers:

Responsible to define the content, the structure, the
constraints, and functions or transactions against
the database. They must communicate with the
end-users and understand their needs.

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 Categories of End-users
 Actors on the scene (continued)
 End-users: They use the data for queries, reports
and some of them update the database content.
End-users can be categorized into:

Casual: access database occasionally when
needed

Naïve or Parametric: they make up a large section
of the end-user population.
 They use previously well-defined functions in the form of
“canned transactions” against the database.
 Examples are bank-tellers or reservation clerks who do
this activity for an entire shift of operations.

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 Categories of End-users
(continued)

Sophisticated:
 These include business analysts, scientists, engineers,
others thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities.
 Many use tools in the form of software packages that work
closely with the stored database.

Stand-alone:
 Mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-use
packaged applications.
 An example is a tax program user that creates its own
internal database.
 Another example is a user that maintains an address book

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 Advantages of Using the
Database Approach
 Controlling redundancy in data storage and in
development and maintenance efforts.
 Sharing of data among multiple users.
 Restricting unauthorized access to data.
 Providing persistent storage for program Objects
 In Object-oriented DBMSs
 Providing Storage Structures (e.g. indexes) for
efficient Query Processing

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 Advantages of Using the
Database Approach (continued)
 Providing backup and recovery services.
 Providing multiple interfaces to different classes
of users.
 Representing complex relationships among data.
 Enforcing integrity constraints on the database.
 Drawing inferences and actions from the stored
data using deductive and active rules

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 Historical Development of
Database Technology
 Early Database Applications:
 The Hierarchical and Network Models were introduced in
mid 1960s and dominated during the seventies.
 A bulk of the worldwide database processing still occurs
using these models, particularly, the hierarchical model.
 Relational Model based Systems:
 Relational model was originally introduced in 1970, was
heavily researched and experimented within IBM Research
and several universities.
 Relational DBMS Products emerged in the early 1980s.
 Historical Development of Database
Technology (continued)
 Object-oriented and emerging applications:
 Object-Oriented Database Management Systems
(OODBMSs) were introduced in late 1980s and early 1990s
to cater to the need of complex data processing in CAD and
other applications.

Their use has not taken off much.
 Many relational DBMSs have incorporated object database
concepts, leading to a new category called object-relational
DBMSs (ORDBMSs)
 Extended relational systems add further capabilities (e.g. for
multimedia data, XML, and other data types)
 Historical Development of
Database Technology (continued)
 Data on the Web and E-commerce Applications:
 Web contains data in HTML (Hypertext markup
language) with links among pages.
 This has given rise to a new set of applications
and E-commerce is using new standards like XML
(eXtended Markup Language).
 Script programming languages such as PHP and
JavaScript allow generation of dynamic Web
pages that are partially generated from a database

Also allow database updates through Web pages
 When not to use a DBMS
 Main inhibitors (costs) of using a DBMS:
 High initial investment and possible need for additional
hardware.
 Overhead for providing generality, security, concurrency
control, recovery, and integrity functions.
 When a DBMS may be unnecessary:
 If the database and applications are simple, well defined,
and not expected to change.
 If there are stringent real-time requirements that may not be
met because of DBMS overhead.
 If access to data by multiple users is not required.

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 Summary
 Types of Databases and Database Applications
 Basic Definitions
 Typical DBMS Functionality
 Example of a Database (UNIVERSITY)
 Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
 Database Users
 Advantages of Using the Database Approach
 When Not to Use Databases

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