CE10106A
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
Prepared
by
Tamal Ghosh
Department of Civil Engineering
SMIT
Course Outcomes (CO):
After completion of this course, students should be able to
1. Understand and describe need for modern techniques and new materials in construction industry and
to select materials for engineering purpose is very much crucial activity based its properties,
suitability, strength and durability. Component in building,
2. Illustrate and explain the main process of building construction to enrich civil engineering technicians
in performing their jobs with ease and confidence and will be able to select appropriate material for
the given item of work on site. Identify the various building components in detail and interpret
drawing and give layout on the field of given structure construction for any building.
3. Identify and analyse the properties and role of ingredients like cement, aggregate, admixtures etc. to
produce better quality concrete, admixtures and its types, workability of concrete.
4. Apply and design concrete mix, hardened concrete, and special concrete and apply design mix
concepts to produce concrete with adequate strength and durability. Properties of materials, Supervise
the construction work of buildings,
5. Ability to identify the current codes related to green building and green rating systems. Understand
behavior and characteristics of perform destructive, semi-destructive and non-destructive tests for
concrete.
MODULE 1
Construction Materials
Lime: Properties and uses
What is lime?
Lime is calcium oxide obtained by the calcination of
limestone, kankar, and other calcareous substances at over
900°C. It was one of the most common
construction materials before the advent of Portland
cement. Wherever locally available, it is still a very
popular and cheap construction material. It is used for
plastering the interior surface of walls and
preparing concrete for the foundation and flooring of
ordinary buildings.
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Types of lime
a) Fat lime
Fat lime consists of mainly calcium oxide (CaO) which reacts with carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the air to form calcium carbonate after hardening.
b) Hydraulic lime
It is a lime containing small quantities of silica and alumina and/or iron
oxide which are in chemical combination with the calcium oxide content.
It differs from fat lime in the process of hardening in which it chemically
combines with water to form calcium silicate (CaO, Sio2) and aluminate
(CaO, Al2O3) hydrate. Hydraulic lime hardens in combination with water
while fat lime in combination with air.
Comparison between Fat lime and Hydraulic Lime
Classification of Lime
Based on Source:
i) Stone lime (from limestone)- Uses: Mortar. Flooring & terracing.
ii) Kankar lime (from kankar)- Uses: Mortar (substructure)
iii) Shell lime (from shells of sea animals)- Uses: Lime punning; whitewash &
color wash.
Based on Purity:
Fat, rich, pure, high calcium or white lime:-
Fat lime contains about 95% of CaO and Impurity not more than 5%, volume- 2
to 3 times after slaking, Uses: Plaster, whitewashing but not for mortar due to
poor strength & slow hardening. When MgO exceeds one-tenth of the CaO &
MgO in the lime then it is called magnesium lime and when MgO exceeds one-
quarter of the CaO and MgO, the lime is called dolomite lime. It doesn’t set
underwater.
Fat lime is obtained by burning limestone and hydraulic
lime is obtained by burning Kankar.
Poor or lean lime:- Impurity>5%, Uses: Poor mortar & plaster. It
doesn’t set underwater.
Hydraulic lime:- It gets underwater unlike fat and poor limes
which can set only by absorbing CO, from the atmosphere. It
contains 5-30% (silica & alumina) and iron oxide which are in
chemical combination with the calcium oxide. It is of three types:
1. Feebly hydraulic lime- Silica & alumina <10%, slaking time 5 to 15 min,
setting time-21 days
2. Moderately hydraulic lime: Silica & alumina- 10-20%, slaking time- Ito 2
hrs, setting time- 7 days
3. Eminently hydraulic lime Silica & alumina- 20-30%, slaking time 2 to 5 hr,
setting time- 2 to 48 hours, Uses: Plaster, mortar, etc.
Based on the purpose
Class A (Eminently hydraulic lime). CaO (60-70%), Clay (20-30%), Setting
time- 2 to 48 hr, Uses:- Mortar & concrete.
Class B (Semi hydraulic lime)- CaO (70%), Clay (15% ). Setting time-7days,
Uses:-Mortar, flooring & concrete
Class C (Fat lime):- CaO (93%), Clay (5%), volume-2 to 3 times after slaking,
Uses:-Plaster & whitewashing. It can be used as a mortar only after mixing with
pozzolana.
Class D (Magnesium lime):- CaO & MgO (85%), Uses Plaster & whitewashing.
Class E (Kankar lime):- CaO (20%), MgO (5%), Uses: Mortar, Plaster & White
washing.
ISI Classification of lime
a) Class A: It is an eminently hydraulic lime normally used for structural purposes. It
is usually supplied as hydrated lime.
b) Class B: Semi-hydraulic lime contains both hydraulic lime and fat lime. It is used
for mortar in masonry work. It is supplied both as hydrated or quick lime.
c) Class C: It is predominantly fat lime used for finishing coat in plastering,
whitewashing, etc., and with suitable admixtures such as Surkhi or any other
pozzolanic material to produce artificial hydraulic lime. It is supplied both as quick
lime and hydrated lime.
d) Class D: It is lime containing substantial proportions of magnesium oxide and is
similar to fat lime. Its important uses are for finishing coats in plastering,
whitewashing, etc.
e) Class E: It is Kankar lime generally used for masonry mortars and is supplied
generally as hydrated lime.
Important Terminologies
a) Quick lime: The calcined material, a major part of which is calcium oxide in natural association with a relatively
small amount of magnesium oxide and which is capable of slaking with water, is called quick lime. Quick lime
(CaO) is a lime obtained after the calculations of Jime stone, It is capable of slaking with water.
b) Fat lime: The lime which has high calcium oxide content and depends solely on the absorption of carbon dioxide
for setting and hardening, is called fat lime.
c) Hydraulic lime: Lime containing small quantities of silica and alumina and/or iron oxide which are in chemical
combination with some of the calcium oxide content, giving a putty or mortar which has the property of setting and
hardening under water, is called hydraulic lime. i.e. When quick lime is sprinkled with water, the fine powder
obtained is called hydrated lime.
d) Hydrated lime: A dry powder obtained by treating quick lime with enough water to satisfy its chemical affinity
for water under the condition of its hydration, is called hydrated lime.
e) Lump lime: It is the quick lime as it comes from the kiln in the form of lumps.
f) Milk lime:- It is a thin pourable solution of slaked lime with water.
g) Slaking: The process of adding water to quick lime to form calcium hydroxide is called slaking.
h) Lime putty:- It is prepared by stirring hydrated lime in water so as to get thick creamy consistency and allowing
it to stand and mature for a period of about 16 hours in the case of nonhydraulic lime before using.
