FERTILIZA
TION &
THE
FIRST
WEEK
•Objects
•Introduction
•Fertilization
•Phases of Fertilization
•Results of Fertilization
•First week
FOLLICLE
MATURATION
AND
OVULATION
Oocytes
•2 million at birth
•40.000 at puberty
•400 ovulated over
lifetime
Egg and surrounding cells
(corona radiata) ejected
into peritoneumCorona
radiata provides bulk to
facilitate capture of egg.
•Transport through
the oviduct
• also known as the fallopian tube, involves
egg ovulated and swept into the oviduct
that's occur in the day 14 of the menstrual
cycle
• Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla
of the oviduct within 24 hrs. of ovulation.
• Blastocyst is formated by the 4th
embryonic day and the Implantation
occurs by the 6th embryonic day
TRIMESTER
•1st. = 1 - 13 weeks
•2nd. = 14 - 26 weeks
•3rd. = 27 - 40
weeks
Ovulation
• ► Ovulation is the process
where an egg is released from
the ovary.
• ► It usually happens at the age
of puberty around the middle
of a woman's menstrual cycle.
• ► The ova falls into the
fallopian tube and waits for
fertilization
Insemination
• Definition
• Insemination is introduction of
sperm into a female genital tract
• Natural insemination-Insemination
by sexual intercourse
• Artificial insemination-Artificial
insemination is a technique used
to introduce sperm into a female's
reproductive tract
Intrauterine
inseminatio
n
Intrafollicul
ar
Type Intracervica
l
inseminatio
n
s inseminatio
n
Intratubal
inseminatio
n
Intrauterine
insemination
•Sperm is injected
into the uterus
Fertilization
•DefinitionFertilization
is the fusion of a
sperm cell and an
egg cell, . To form a
zygote, the first cell
of a new organism .
Maturation of
sperms
1) Capacitation
2) Acrosome Reaction
VIABILITY OF GAMETES
• human oocytes are usually fertilized within
12 hours after ovulation. Goitinited
• It degenerates shortly after 24 hours.
• Most human sperms probably do not
survive for more than 48 hours in the
female genital tract.
• Sperms and oocytes can be stored frozen
for many years to be used in assisted
reproduction.
• The fertilization process takes
approximately 24 hours
Fertilization
•Definition
•Fertilization is the fusion of
a sperm cell and an egg
cell, . To form a zygote,
the first cell of a new
organism .
approximately 24 hours
•Phases of Fertilization
• 1: penetration of the corona radiataPhase
• 2: penetration of the zona
pellucida;Phase
• 3: Fusion of plasma membranes of the
oocyte Phase
• 4 :formation of
the female
pronucleusPhase
• 5 : Union of the
2 pronuleii
•Zygote:
• is genetically a unique structure.half of
its chromosomes comes from the father
and the other half comes from the
mother. New combination is formed
which is different from either of the
parent.This
mechanism forms
biparental inheritance
and leads to variation of
Sex of the Embryo
• determined by the type
of sperm(X or Y)
that fertilizes
the oocyte
(X or X).So, it is
the father whose
gamete decides
the sex
Results of fertilization
Stimulates the penetrated oocyte to
complete its 2nd meiotic division
which was arrested at metaphase.
Restores the normal diploid number
of chromosomes. (23 of the sperm
and the same of the oocyte = 46)
Determines the sex of the embryo.
Initiates cleavage of the zygote (cell
division).
Results in variation of
the human species
•lnternal fertilization
- The steps involved during in vitro
fertilization (IVF) are
• 1- Ovarian follicles are hormonally
stimulated to grow
• 2- Aspiration of several mature oocytes
• 3- Oocytes are placed in a culture medium
containingcapacitated sperms
• 4- Fertilization of the oocytes and cleavage
of the zygotes aremonitored
microscopically for 3 to 5 days
• 5- One or two of the resulting embryos are
transferred into the uterus
•Phases of
Fertilization
• 1: penetration of the corona
radiataPhase
• 2: penetration of the zona
pellucida;Phase
• 3: Fusion of plasma membranes of
the oocyte Phase
• 4 :formation of the female
pronucleusPhase
• 5 : Union of the 2 pronuleii
•Events of week 1:
days 1-7
• fertilization, day 1
• cleavage, day 2.3.4
• Formation of blastocyst, day
5
• end with implantation, day 6
•Phases of
Fertilization
• Events of week 1: days 1-7
• fertilization, day 1
• cleavage, day 2.3.4
• Formation of blastocyst, day
5
• end with implantation, day 6
•Days 2-3:
• After the zygote is formed, the
zygote starts a series of mitotic
divisions, a process called cleavage
This division does not increase the
size of the embryo but increases the
number of cells (now called
blastomeres).From 12-16 cell stage
organism is called a morula
•It continues its journey
down the fallopian
tube towards the
uterine cavity.The
morula arrives in the
uterine cavity in day 4
•Day 5:
• after the morula enters the
uterine cavity, it develops a
fluid-filled cavity in its centerThis
fluid is called blastocoele and
the organism is now blastocyst
• Shortly after blastocyst formation,
differentiation form two
regionstrophoblast outer ring of cell that
will develop into placentaembryoblast
(inner cell mass) cluster of tightly packed
cells inside one portion of the trophoblast
• at the end of first week, the
zona pellucida has degeneration
before implantation by process
called (Hatching)Hatching of the
embryo accurs just prior
to implantation.
• The inability to hatch results in
infertility, and premature
hatching can result in abnormal
implantation in uterine tube like
Ectopic implantation
implantation somewhere other
than upper portion of uterus
• When accure implantation:The
trophoblast can make direct contact
with cells that line inside of the uterus (
endometrium)The endometrium
consists of two layers deep basal layer
and superficial functional layer
• blastocyst invades the functional layer
its trophoblast turns into two layer
inner layer cytotrophoblastouter thick
layer syncytiotrophoblastby end of
week 2, the blastocyst has disappeared
from the surface of the endometrium
The
End
By : Nasser Altamimi
Hussein Al-Shatri
Khaled Altamimi
