MODULE - 4
8051 ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO
INTEL MCS 51 µC
1
WHAT IS A MICROCONTROLLER?
• A microcontroller (MCU) is a small,
self-contained microcomputer that is
usually designed to run a single basic
program repeatedly.
• It's a compact integrated circuit (IC)
device that's used to control other
parts of an electronic system.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROPROCESSOR
AND MICROCONTROLLER
INTEL MCS 51 MICROCONTROLLER
The Intel MCS-51 (commonly termed 8051) is
a Harvard architecture, complex instruction set
computing (CISC) Architecture, single
chip microcontroller (µC) series developed by Intel in
1980 for use in embedded systems
In a CISC processor, each instruction performs so
many actions that it takes several clock cycles to
complete.
RISC-based machines execute one instruction per
clock cycle
MODULE - 2 2
INTEL MCS 51 MICROCONTROLLER
FEATURES
8-bit CPU
4K bytes on-chip program memory (ROM)
128 bytes on-chip data memory (RAM)
32 I/O pins arranged as four 8-bit ports (P0 - P3)
32 general purpose registers each of 8-bit
Special Function Registers (SFRs) of 128 bytes
16-bit Program Counter
8-bit Processor Status Word (PSW) & Stack Pointer
Two 16-bit timer/counters : T0 and T1
Two external and three internal vectored interrupts
One full duplex serial I/O (UART)
MODULE - 2 3
INTEL MCS 51 MICROCONTROLLER
8051 FAMILY SERIES
MODULE - 2 4
INTEL MCS 51 MICROCONTROLLER
8051 FAMILY SERIES
Although the 8051 is the most popular member of the
8051 family, you will not see “8051″ in the part
number.
This is because the 8051 is available in different
memory types, such as UV-EPROM, flash, and NV-
RAM, all of which have different part numbers.
The UV-EPROM version of the 8051 is the 8751. The
flash ROM version is marketed by many companies
including Atmel Corp. and Dallas Semiconductor.
MODULE - 2 5
INTEL MCS 51 MICROCONTROLLER
8051 FAMILY SERIES
The Atmel Flash 8051 is called AT89C51, while Dallas
Semiconductor calls theirs DS89C4xO
(DS89C420/430/440).
The NV-RAM version of the 8051 made by Dallas
Semiconductor is called DS5000.
There is also an OTP (one-time programmable)
version of the 8051 made by various manufacturers.
MODULE - 2 6
INTEL MCS 51 MICROCONTROLLER
8051 MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
ATMEL
ANALOG DEVICES
ST MICROELECTRONICS
DALLAS
MAXIM
SILICON LABS
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
MICROCHIP
ZILOG
MODULE - 2 7
INTEL MCS 51 MICROCONTROLLER
8051 ATMEL SERIES
Time Packagin
Part Number ROM RAM I/O pins Interrupt Vcc
r g
AT89C51 4K 128 32 2 6 5V 40
AT89C52 8K 256 32 3 8 5V 40
AT89C1051 1K 64 15 1 3 3V 20
AT89C2051 2K 128 32 3 8 3V 20
AT89LV51 4K 128 32 2 6 3V 40
AT89LV52 8K 128 32 3 8 3V 40
MODULE - 2 8
8051
MICROCONTROLLER
PIN DETAILS
8051 MICROCONTROLLER PIN
DETAILS
8051 PIN DETAILS
Although 8051 family members (e.g., 8751,
89C51, 89C52, DS89C4xO) come in different DIP QFP
packages, such as DIP (dual in-line package),
QFP (quad flat package), and LLC (leadless chip
carrier)
They all have 40 pins that are dedicated to LLC
various functions such as I/O, RD, WR, address,
data, and interrupts.
Some companies provide a 20-pin version of the
8051 with a reduced number of I/O ports for
MODULEless
-2 demanding applications. 9
8051 MICROCONTROLLER PIN
DETAILS
8051 PIN DETAILS
However, since the vast majority of
developers use the 40-pin chip, we will
concentrate on that.
In 40 pin package, a total of 32 pins are
set aside for the four ports PO, P1, P2,
and P3, where each port takes 8 pins.
The rest of the pins are designated as Vcc,
GND, XTAL1, XTAL2, RST, EA, PSEN, and
ALE.
MODULE - 2 10
8051 MICROCONTROLLER PIN
DETAILS
8051 PIN DETAILS
Of these pins, six (Vcc, GND, XTAL1, XTAL2, RST, and
EA) are used by all members of the 8051 and 8031
families.
In other words, they must be connected in order for
the system to work, regardless of whether the
microcontroller is of the 8051 or 8031 family.
The other two pins, PSEN and ALE, are used mainly in
8031-based systems.
MODULE - 2 11
8051 MICROCONTROLLER PIN
DETAILS
8051 PIN DIAGRAM
MODULE - 2 13
8051 MICROCONTROLLER PIN
DETAILS
8051 PIN DESCRIPTION
Pin-40 : Vcc is the main power source. Usually its +5V
DC.
Pins 32-39: Port 0 (P0.0 to P0.7) – In addition to
serving as I/O port, lower order address and data bus
signals are multiplexed with this port (to serve the
purpose of external memory interfacing). This is a bi
directional I/O port (the only one in 8051) and
external pull up resistors are required to function
this port as I/O.
MODULE - 2 14
8051 MICROCONTROLLER PIN
DETAILS
Pin-31:- ALE - Address Latch Enable. It is especially
used for 8031 IC to connect it to the external
memory. It can be used while deciding whether P0
pins will be used as Address bus or Data bus. When
ALE = 1, then the P0 pins work as Data bus and when
ALE = 0, then the P0 pins act as Address bus.
Pin-30:- EA - External Access input is used to enable
or disallow external memory interfacing. If there is
no external memory requirement, this pin is pulled
high by connecting it to Vcc.
MODULE - 2 15
8051 MICROCONTROLLER PIN
DETAILS
Pin- 29:- PSEN or Program Store Enable. This is an
active low pin, i.e., it gets activated after applying a
low pulse. It is an output pin and used along with the
EA pin in 8031 based (i.e. ROMLESS) Systems to allow
storage of program code in external ROM.
Pins- 21-28: Port 2 (P 2.0 to P 2.7) – in addition to
serving as I/O port, higher order address bus signals
are multiplexed with this quasi bi directional port.
Pin 20:- Vss – it represents ground (0 V) connection.
MODULE - 2 16
8051 MICROCONTROLLER PIN
DETAILS
Pins 18 and 19:- XTAL1 & XTAL2 Used for
interfacing an external crystal to provide system
clock.
crystal
Pins 10 – 17:- Port 3 (P 3.0 to P 3.7) It is also of 8 bits and
can be used as Input/Output. This port provides some
extremely important signals.
P3.0 and P3.1 are RxD (Receiver) and TxD (Transmitter)
respectively and are collectively used for Serial
Serial Communication.
Communication.
P3.2 and P3.3 pins are used for external interrupts. P3.4
and P3.5 are used for timers T0 and T1 respectively.
P3.6 and P3.7 are Write (WR) and Read (RD) pins.
MODULE - 2 17
8051 MICROCONTROLLER PIN
DETAILS
Pin 9:- RESET pin is used to set the 8051
microcontroller to its initial values, while the
microcontroller is working or at the initial start of
application. The RESET pin must be set high for 2
machine cycles.
Pins 1 – 8:- Port 1 (P 1.0 to P 1.7). It is an 8-bit port
(pin 1 through 8) and can be used either as input or
output. Unlike other ports, this port does not serve
any other functions. Port 1 is an internally pulled up,
quasi bi directional I/O port.
MODULE - 2 18
8051
MICROCONTROLLE
R ARCHITECTURE
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
ARCHITECTURE
8051 ARCHITECTURE (Simplified)
MODULE - 2 19
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
ARCHITECTURE
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
Central Processor Unit (CPU) is the brain of any
processing device of the microcontroller.
It monitors and controls all operations that are
performed on the Microcontroller units.
The User has no control over the work of the CPU
directly.
It reads program written in ROM memory and
executes them and do the expected task of that
MODULE - 2 21
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
ARCHITECTURE
INTERRUPT CONTROL
There are five interrupt sources in
8051 Microcontroller and interrupt control section
control all these interrupts.
Two external interrupts (INT0 & INT1), two timer (TF0
& TF1) interrupts and one serial port (RI / TI)
interrupt.
The Microcontroller 8051 can be configured in such a
way that it temporarily terminates or pause the main
program at the occurrence of interrupt. When 22
MODULE - 2
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
ARCHITECTURE
RAM & ROM
Microcontroller 8051 has 4K of Code Memory or
Program memory that is it has 4KB ROM and RAM of
128 bytes.
The memory which is used to store the program
of Microcontroller, is known as code memory or
Program memory . It is known as 'ROM'(Read Only
Memory).
Microcontroller also requires a memory to store data
or operands temporarily. This memory is known as 23
MODULE - 2
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
ARCHITECTURE
BUS CONTROL
Bus control section of 8051 is responsible for
controlling the operation of address and data bus.
Bus: Basically Bus is a collection of wires which work
as a communication channel or medium for transfer
of Data.
Buses are of two types:
Address Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has a 16 bit
address bus. It used to address memory
locations.
Data Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has 8 bits data
MODULE - 2 24
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
ARCHITECTURE
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
Crystal Oscillator: Since Microcontroller is a digital
circuit device, therefore it requires clock for its
operation.
For this purpose, Microcontroller 8051 has oscillator
circuitry section which works as a clock source for
Central Processing Unit.
As the output pulses of oscillator are stable therefore
it enables synchronized work of all parts of
8051 Microcontroller. 25
MODULE - 2
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
ARCHITECTURE
I/O PORTS
I/O Ports: To connect any external devices or
peripherals we require I/O interfacing ports in the
microcontroller.
All 8051 microcontrollers have 4 I/O ports each
comprising 8 bits which can be configured as input
(1) or an output (0), depends on its logic state.
Accordingly, in total of 32 input/output pins enabling
the microcontroller to be connected to peripheral
devices are available for use. 26
MODULE - 2
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
ARCHITECTURE
TIMERS/COUNTERS
Timers/Counters: 8051 Microcontroller 8051 two 16-
bit timers and counters: Timer 0 and Timer 1.
They can be used either as timers to generate a time
delay or as counters to count events happening
outside the microcontroller.
Since the 8051 has an 8-bit architecture, each 16-bit
is accessed as two separate registers of low byte and
high byte.
MODULE - 2 27
8051 MICROCONTROLLER
ARCHITECTURE
SERIAL PORT
Serial port: The 8051 contains one Serial port or
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter)
The serial port is full-duplex so, it can transmit
and receive simultaneously
Two port pins are used to provide the serial
interface P3.0 is the receive pin (RXD) P3.1 is the
transmit pin (TXD)
This serial port that can be programmed to
operate in one of four different modes and at a
range of frequencies.
MODULE - 2 28
8051 MEMORY
ORGANIZATION
(RAM-ROM ORGANIZATION)
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
The 8051 has two types of memory and these are
Program Memory and Data Memory.
Program Memory (ROM) is used to permanently save
the program being executed, while Data Memory
(RAM) is used for temporarily storing data and
intermediate results created and used during the
operation of the microcontroller.
Depending on the model in use (8051 microcontroller
family in general) at most a few Kb of ROM and 128
or 256 bytes of RAM is used.
MODULE - 2 29
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
PROGRAM MEMORY (ROM)
The 8051 has 4K (4096 locations) of internal or on-
chip ROM. And it can be expanded up to 64K.
This is used for storing the system program. 212 =
4096, therefore the internal ROM locations go from
0000H to 0FFFH.
Even though such an amount of memory is sufficient
for writing most of the programs, there are situations
when it is necessary to use additional memory as
well.
MODULE - 2 30
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
PROGRAM MEMORY (ROM)
EA=0 In this case, the
microcontroller
completely ignores
internal program memory
and executes only the
program stored in
external memory.
EA=1 In this case, the
microcontroller executes
first the program from
built-in ROM, then the
program stored in
MODULE - 2 31
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
DATA MEMORY (RAM)
In the MCS-51 family, 8051 has 128 bytes of internal
data memory and it allows interfacing external data
memory of maximum size up to 64K.
So the total size of data memory in 8051 can be upto
64K (external) + 128 bytes (internal).
So there are 3 separations/divisions of the data
memory:-
1) Register banks
2) Bit addressable area
MODULE - 2 32
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
DATA MEMORY (RAM)
MODULE - 2 33
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
DATA MEMORY – REGISTER BANKS
Registers are used to store data or operands
during executions. Register banks form the lowest
32 bytes on internal RAM memory.
There are 4 register banks designated bank #0,#1,
#2 and #3. Each bank has 8 registers which are
designated as R0,R1…R7.
At a time only one register bank is selected (using
RS1 & RS0 bits in PSW register) for operations and
the registers inside the selected bank are accessed
using mnemonics R0..R1.. etc.
By default register bank #0 is selected (after a
system reset).
MODULE - 2 35
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
DATA MEMORY – BIT ADDRESSABLE AREA
The 8051 supports a special feature which
allows access to bit variables. This is where
individual memory bits in Internal RAM can be
set or cleared.
The Bit Addressable area of the RAM is 16
bytes (128 bits) next to register banks of
Internal RAM located between 20h and 2Fh.
In all there are 128 bits numbered 00h to
7Fh.
Being bit variables any one variable can have
a value 0 or 1. A bit variable can be set with a
command such as SETB and cleared with a 37
MODULE - 2
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
DATA MEMORY – BIT ADDRESSABLE AREA
Example instructions are
SETB 25h ; sets the bit 25h (becomes 1)
CLR 25h ; clears bit 25h (becomes 0)
Bit addressable area is mainly used to store bit
variables from application program, like status of an
output device like LED or Motor (ON/OFF) etc.
We need only a bit to store this status and using a
complete byte addressable area for storing this is
really bad programming practice, since it results in
wastage of memory.
MODULE - 2 39
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
DATA MEMORY – SCRATCH PAD RAM
These 80 bytes of Internal RAM memory scratch pad
RAM are available for general-purpose data storage.
Scratch pad RAM is from 30H to 7FH and this
includes stack too.
However, these 80 bytes are used by the system
stack and in practice little space is left for general
storage.
Access to this area of memory is fast compared to
access to the main memory and special instructions
MODULEwith
-2 single byte operands are used. 40
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
DATA MEMORY – SCRATCH PAD RAM
The scratch pad RAM can be accessed using direct or
indirect addressing modes.
Examples of direct addressing:
MOV A, 6Ah ;reads contents of address 6Ah to
accumulator
Examples for indirect addressing (use registers R0 or
R1):
MOV R1, #6Ah ; move immediate 6Ah to R1
MOV A, @R1 ; move indirect: R1 contains address of
MODULEInternal
-2 RAM which contains data that is 41
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
DATA MEMORY – SFRs (Special Function
Registers)
SFRs are accessed just like normal Internal
RAM locations.
The SFR registers are located within the
Internal Memory in the address range 80h
to FFh.
Each SFR has a very specific function. Note
some of the SFR registers are bit
addressable.
MODULE - 2 42
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
DATA MEMORY – SFRs
Although 128 byes of the SFR address space is
defined only 21 SFR registers are defined in the
standard 8051.
Rest of locations are intentionally left unoccupied in
order to enable the manufacturers to further develop
microcontrollers keeping them compatible with the
previous versions.
Main function of SFR is to control timers, counters,
serial I/O, port I/O, and peripherals that are present
MODULE - 2 43
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
DATA MEMORY – SFRs
MODULE - 2 45
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs A- Register
The 21 Special Function Registers of 8051 Microcontroller
are categorized in to seven groups.
1) Math or CPU Registers: A and B
2) Status Register: PSW (Program Status Word)
3) I/O Port Latches: P0 (Port 0), P1 (Port 1), P2 (Port 2) and P3
(Port 3)
4) Pointer Registers: DPTR (Data Pointer – DPL,DPH), SP (Stack
Pointer)
5) Peripheral Control Registers: PCON, SCON, TCON, TMOD, IE
MODULE - 2 46
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs A- Register
The most important of all special function register is
Accumulator which is also known as ACC or A.
The Accumulator holds the result of most of arithmetic
and logic operations. It is also used to store 8 bit data
and to hold one of operand of ALU units during
arithmetical and logical operations.
More than half instructions used by the 8051
microcontroller use somehow use the accumulator.
ACC is usually accessed by direct addressing and its
MODULEphysical
-2 address is E0H. 47
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs A- Register
Accumulator is an 8-bit register and it is both byte and
bit addressable.
To access the individual bits of accumulator, use the
format ACC.X in the instruction where “X” denotes bit to
be accessed.
MODULE - 2 48
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs B- Register
It is special 8-bit math register and it is bit and byte
accessible.
It is used in conjunction with A register as an input
operand for ALU to perform multiplication and
division operation.
It can also be used as general purpose register to
store 8-bit data.
MODULE - 2 49
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - PSW REGISTER
It is 8 bit register and it is bit and byte accessible.
It contains several status bits that reflects the status of the operation
that is being carried out in the processor.
It has 4 conditional flags or math flags (CY, AC, OV, P)which sets or resets
according to condition of result.
It has 3 control flags (F0, RS0, RS1) by setting or resetting bit required
operation or function can be achieved.
MODULE - 2 50
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - PSW REGISTER
CY, the carry flag: This flag is set whenever there is a carry
out from the D7 bit. This flag bit is affected after an 8-bit
addition or subtraction.
AC, the auxiliary carry flag: If there is a carry from D3 to D4
during an ADD or SUB operation, this bit is set; otherwise, it is
cleared. This flag is used by instructions that perform BCD
(binary coded decimal) arithmetic.
F0, the Flag 0 : The PSW.5 and PSW.1 bits are general-purpose
status flag bits and can be used by the programmer for any
purpose. In other words, they are user definable.
MODULE - 2 52
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - PSW REGISTER
RS0, RS1 - Register bank select bits. These two bits are used
to select one of four register banks of RAM. By setting and
clearing these bits, registers R0-R7 are stored in one of four
banks of RAM.
MODULE - 2 53
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - PSW REGISTER
OV, overflow flag:
This flag is set whenever the result of a signed number
operation is too large, causing the high-order bit to
overflow into sign bit.
In general, the carry flag is used to detect errors in
unsigned arithmetic operations.
The overflow flag is only used to detect errors in signed
arithmetic operations
P, the parity flag: The parity flag reflects the number of 1 s in
the A (accumulator) register only. If the A register contains
an odd number of 1’s, then P = 1. Therefore, P = 0 if A has an
even number of 1s.
MODULE - 2 54
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - P0, P1, P2, P3 - Input/Output Registers
There are 4 ports with in total of 32 input/output pins
are available for connection to peripheral
environment.
So 4 Input/Output ports named P0, P1, P2 and P3 has
got four corresponding port registers P0, P1, P2 and
P3. All 4 port registers are bit as well as byte
addressable.
Data must be written into port registers first to send
it out to any other external device through ports.
MODULE - 2 55
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - P0, P1, P2, P3 - Input/Output Registers
MODULE - 2 56
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - P0, P1, P2, P3 - Input/Output Registers
MODULE - 2 57
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - P0, P1, P2, P3 - Input/Output Registers
If a bit is cleared (0), the appropriate pin will be
configured as an output, while if it is set (1), the
appropriate pin will be configured as an input.
Upon reset and power-on, all port bits are set (1),
which means that all appropriate pins will be
configured as inputs.
MODULE - 2 58
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - DPTR REGISTER
It is a 16 bit register used to hold address of external
or internal RAM where data is stored or result is to be
stored.
It can be divided into two 8-bit registers, DPH-data
pointer higher order and DPL-data pointer lower
order.
Each register can be used as general purpose
register to store 8 bit data and can also be used to
store memory location.
It
MODULE - 2 functions as Base register in base relative 59
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - DPTR REGISTER
MODULE - 2 60
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - STACK POINTER
It is 8-bit register. It is byte addressable.
It is used to hold the internal RAM
memory location addresses which are
used as stack memory.
When the data is to be placed on stack
by push instruction, the content of stack
pointer is incremented by 1.
When data is retrieved from stack,
content of stack of stack pointer is
decremented by 1.
MODULE - 2 61
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SFRs - STACK POINTER
A value stored in the Stack Pointer points to the first
free stack address and permits stack availability.
Upon any reset and power-on, the value 7 is stored in
the Stack Pointer, which means that the space of
RAM reserved for the stack starts at this location.
MODULE - 2 62
8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
PC - PROGRAM COUNTER (not a part of SFRs)
It is used to hold 16 bit address of internal program
memory, or external ROM locations.
The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte address which
tells the 8051 where the next instruction to be
executed from memory.
When the 8051 is initialized PC always starts at
0000h and is incremented each time an instruction is
executed.
MODULE - 2 63
8051 MACHINE CYCLES
MACHINE CYCLES
The CPU takes a certain number of clock cycles to
execute an instruction.
In the 8051 family, these clock cycles are referred to
as machine cycles.
A single machine cycle is the minimum amount of
time in which a single 8051 instruction can be
executed, although many instructions take multiple
machine cycles.
MODULE - 2 64
8051 MACHINE CYCLES
MACHINE CYCLES
Pulse - One complete oscillation of the clock source;
State - Two pulses;
1 machine cycle 8051 = six states or 12 clock pulses
MODULE - 2 65
8051 MACHINE CYCLES
MACHINE CYCLES
If an instruction takes one machine cycle to execute,
it will take 12 pulses of the crystal to execute.
8051 is designed to operate between 4MHz to 40MHz
and generally operates with a crystal frequency
11.0592 MHz.
Since we know the crystal is pulsing 11,059,000
times per second and that one machine cycle is 12
pulses. we can calculate how many instruction cycles
the 8051 can execute per second:
MODULE - 2 11,059,000 / 12 = 921,583 and 1/ 921,583=1.085µs 66
8051 MACHINE CYCLES
EXAMPLE - 1
Lets find the time period of the machine cycle in each case for
the following crystal frequency of different 8051 based
systems: 11.0592 MHz, 16 MHz, 20 MHz.
Answer:
11.0592 MHz:
11.0592/12 = 921.6 KHz
Machine cycle = 1/921.6 KHz = 1.085us
[us=microsecond]
16 MHz:
16MHz/12 = 1.333 MHz
Machine cycle = 1/1.333 MHz = 0.75us [us=microsecond]
20MHz:
20MHz/12 = 1.66 MHz
MODULE - 2 Machine Cycle = 1/1.66 MHz = 0.60us [us=microsecond] 68
