Nanomaterials and their
Classification
Introduction
What are nanomaterials?
The set of substances where at least one dimension is less than approximately
100 nanometers.
The chemical and physical properties of solid materials strongly depend on size
and the shape of small particles.
Nanochemistry is the synthesis, analysis and characterization of
chemical compounds at nanoscale.
Introduction
Nanomaterials are based on nanoscience and nanotechnology
Nanoscience is the science of objects in the size regime of nanometer where
the particles perform some special properties
Nanotechnology is the technology using objects or structure or phenomena at
nanometer scale.
Introduction
What is special about Nanotechnology?
It is incredibly broad, interdisciplinary field
Require expertise in physics, chemistry, material science and biology.
Boundary line between atoms, molecules and the macroworld
Introduction
Particles having size in the range of 1 to 100 nm are termed as nanoparticles and
the applications of nanoparticles is whatever called nanotechnology.
Classification
Classification of nanomaterials in based on
1. Origin
2. Dimension
3. Structure
Classification
Classification on the basis of Origin
1. Natural nanomaterials: coming from resource of nature, these are virus,
protiens and antibodies. Some minerals like clay, gelatin, natural collides, shells
and coral etc are natural nanomerials.
2. Artificial nanomaterials: those which are prepared deliberately through a well
defined mechanical and fabrication processes, like carbon nano tubes,
quantum dots and semiconductor nanparticles.
Classification
Classification on the basis of Materials
1. Carbon based materials: mostly carbon composed, hollow spheres (fullerenes)
or tubes (nanotubes), these have wide potential applications.
2. Metal based materials: Quantum dosts, nanogold, nanosilver and metal
oxides like TiO2 are examples of it.
3. Composites: these are bulk type materials
Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Zero-dimensional:
these are the materials wherein all the dimensions are
determined
They have no dimension or 0-D, larger than 100nm.
These are nanoparticles, they might be crystalline,
amorphous, single crystalline or polycrystalline.
The term nanoparticles encompass all 0-D nanosized
building blocks (regardless of size and morphology).
Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Zero-dimensional:
these are the materials wherein all the dimensions are
determined
They have no dimension or 0-D, larger than 100nm.
These are nanoparticles, they might be crystalline,
amorphous, single crystalline or polycrystalline.
The term nanoparticles encompass all 0-D nanosized
building blocks (regardless of size and morphology).
Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Zero-dimensional:
in past 10 years, significant progress has been seen in 0-D nanoparticles.
In well controlled dimensions a variety of properties has been developed
for fabrication 0-D NMs.
Recently, 0-D such as uniform particle array (quantum dots) amd heterogenous
particles arrays , core shel quantum dots have been studies in LEDs, solar cells
and single electron transisters.
Classification
Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. One-dimensional (1-D):
System confined to one dimensional nanomaterials are 100nm films, coatings
and multilayer materials.
Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. One-dimensional:
have been extensively studied because both of their functional properties
and highly controllable morphology.
From past decade, have been used in research and development.
Plays an important role as both interconnects and the key units in fabricating
electronic, optoelectronic nanoscale dimensions,
Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. One-dimensional:
impacted nanoelectronics, nanodevices and systems, nanocomposite materials
and national security.
Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Two-dimensional (2D):
Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Two-dimensional (2D):
exhibits plate like shapes including nanofilms, nanolayers and nancoatings
Made up of various compositions like multi and single layered and matrix.
2D nanostructures have two dimensions outside the nanometric size range
(100nm).
Interesting for investigation and developing novel applications in sensors,
photocatalysts, nanocontainers, nanoreactors and templates for 2D structures
of materials.
Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Three-dimensional (3D):
• 3D nanostructures have three dimensions outside/above the nanometric size
range
(100nm).
• Possess a nanocrystalline structure.
• Can contain dispersions of nanoparticles, bundles of nanowires and nanotubes as
well as multi nano layers.
Classification
Classification on the basis of Dimensions
1. Three-dimensional (3D):
• Due to large surface area, these have attracted considerable research interest.
• Very much important materials due to its wide range of applications in area
of catalysis, magnetic material and electrode material for batteries.
• Due to large surface area these have been used in research for transporting
of molecules due to its porosity.
