R
Languag
VIT
UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI
e CAMPUS
Introduction
The R system for statistical computing is an environment for data
analysis and graphics.
The root of R is the S language.
It is developed by John Chambers and colleagues at Bell
Laboratories(1960).
Installation of R
R has a command line interface
R is a programming Language and Rstudio (IDE) is an interface for
R
Rstudio Layout
Rstudio Layout
Console window:
It is situated at Bottom Left of the RStudio Layout
It is also called command window
We can write commands
All commands can be executed in this window only
Rstudio Layout
Editor window:
It is situated at Top Left of corner of the RStudio Layout
We are using this window for writing scripts collection of
commands
It is also called script window
If this window is not visible, we can get it by File New
Rscript
Click RUN or CRTL+ENTER to send the highlighted commands
to command window
Rstudio Layout
History window:
It is situated at Top Right of corner of the RStudio Layout
In this window, we can see the data and values of R in
memory.
It is also called workspace window
We can view and edit the values by clicking on them
This history window shows what has been typed so far
Rstudio Layout
Help window:
It is situated at the right bottom of RStudio Layout
Here we can open files and view plots
We can install and load the packages
Short-cut Keys in Rstudio
Setting the Working Directory in
RStudio
Setting the working directory:
To store working file.
create a folder and named as RdataWork.
To create working directory setwd(“path”).
setwd(“E:/studies/VIT/R/RdataWork”) in windows environment
setwd(“~/RdataWork/”) in Linux environment
R as a Simple Calculator
R as a simple Calculator:
Typing in a mathematical expression and hitting enter prints
out the result.
> 1 + 2
[1] 3
Order of operation rules worked as expected
Mathematical functions such as the square root sqrt
> sqrt(36)
[1] 6
R as a Simple Calculator
R as a simple Calculator:
The result of mathematical expression can be assigned to an
object in R. <- Operator
var1 <- sqrt(81)
var1
Every object in R belongs to a class type of the object it
represents
class(var1)
[1] “numeric”
Everything in R is an object, including functions.
ls() list objects prints the all the objects.
Operation Symbols in R
Operation Symbols in
R: Symbol Meaning
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
%% Modulo (estimates remainder in a
division)
^ Exponential
Numbers in R
Numbers in R:
NAN (not a number)
NA (missing value)
Basic handling of missing values
> var2 =c(1,2,3,4,5,6,NA)
> var2
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
6 NA
> mean(var2)
[1] NA
> mean(var2,na.rm=TRUE)
[1] 3.5
Variable assignment in R
Variable assignment in R:
> var10 = 25
[1] 25
Var11 <- 29
[1] 29
Variable assignment in R
Variable assignment in
R:> var10 =
25
>var10
[1] 25 ;; typeof(var11) check
>var11 <- result
29
we can create a list using c-
>var11
command
[1] 29
var22 <- c(1,2,3,4)
mean(var22) check the output
var(var22) check the output
Basic Data Types in R
Basic Data types in
R:
Numeric
Integer
Complex
Logical
Character
Vector
Matrix
List
Data Frame
Basic Data Types in R
Numeric in R:
> var12 = 25.12
>var12 check output
is.integer() used to check wheater a given variable object
is integer or not
is.integer(var12) check output
typeof(var12) check output
Basic Data Types in R
Integer in R:
To create an integer variable in R as.integer().
>var23 <- as.integer(999)
> var23 check output
is.integer(var23) check output
typeof(var23) check output
class(var23) check output
var34 <- as.integer(10.28)
var34 check output
is.integer(var34) check output
typeof(var34) check output
Basic Data Types in R
Logical values in R: (and (&), or (|) ,
Negation(!)
True 1 and False 0
> as.integer(TRUE)
> 1
> as.integer(FALSE)
0
>x = 1
>y = 2
>z = x > y
>z check the output
class(z) check the output
Basic Data Types in R
complex values in R:
A complex value in R is defined via the pure imaginary value
i.
> z = 1 + 2i
> z
[1] 1+2i
class(z) check output
sqrt(-1) check output
sqrt(as.complex(-1)) check the output
Basic Data Types in R
Vector in R:
A vector is a sequence of data elements of the same basic type.
components members in a vector
Examples
>c(10,20,40) 3 members/ components
> [1] 10 20 40
>c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE) check output
>c(“VIT”, “Chennai”, “Campus”) check output
>c(“VIT”, 600126) check output
> class(c(600123,"vit")) check output
>length(c(600123,"vit")) check Output
Basic Data Types in R
Combining Vector in R:
>var25 = c(1,4,7)
>var26 = c("vit", "university")
>var27 = c(var25, var26)
>var27
class(var27) check output
class(var26) check output
class(var25) check output
Basic Data Types in R
Vector arithmetic in R:
> var28 = c(2, 4, 6, 8)
> var29 = c(2, 4, 6, 8)
> var28 * var29
> var28 + var29
What’s happens if one vector size less compared to other vector
Recycling rule
> var30 = c(2,4)
> var28 + var30 check the result
What happens if one vector is numeric and other is character able to
perform arithmetic operation these two vectors No. why
Basic Data Types in R
Vector index in R:
> var33 = c (“vit”, “chennai”, “vellore”, “campus”)
> var33[1] Check the output
We can retrieve the values in a vector, using indices, that has to used in array
bracket. Index is starting from 1.
The result of the slice is also a vector.
Negative Index:
If the index is negative, it would strip the member whose position has the same absolute value as
the negative index.
>var33[-2] it skip the values at 2nd position in vector
Out of Range index:
If an index is out-of-range, a missing value will be reported via the symbol NA.
> var33[10] check the output
Basic Data Types in R
Numeric index Vector in R:
A new vector can be sliced from a given vector with a numeric index vector,
which consists of member positions of the original vector to be retrieved.
> var33[c(3,4)] check output
Duplicate Indexes:
> var33[c(3,4,4)]
Out of Order Indexes:
>var33[c(4,3,1)]
Range – Index
> var33[1:3]
Basic Data Types in R
Named Vector in
R:We can assign names to vector
members
>var33
> names(var33) = c(“one”, “two”, “three”, “four”)
>var33 check the output.
>var33[“two”] check the output
Basic Data Types in R
Matrix in R:
A matrix is a collection of data elements arranged in a two-dimensional
rectangular layout.
Example:
> A = matrix(c(2,4,1,3,5,7),nrow=2,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)
> A check the output
> A[2,3] check the output
> A[2, ] check the output
> A[, 3] check the output
> A[, c(1,3)] check the output
> dimnames(A) = list( c(“r1” ,”r2”), c(“c1”,”c2”,”c3”) )
> A check output
Basic Data Types in R
Matrix in R:
A matrix is a collection of data elements arranged in a two-
dimensional rectangular layout.
Example:
> K <- t(A) check output transpose of A
> B = matrix( c(10,20,30), nrow=3, ncol = 1)
> cbind(K,B) check output cbind() used for combining matrices by
columns
> rbind() use to combine matrices based on row-wise
c(B) destruction the matrix form a vector
Basic Data Types in R
Lists in R:
A list is a generic vector containing other objects.
Example:
> n = c(2, 3, 5)
> s = c("aa", "bb", "cc", "dd", "ee")
> b = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)
> x = list(n, s, b, 3)
x check the output
x[2] check the output
x[c(2,4)] check the output
Basic Data Types in R
Lists in R:
Member Reference:
Example:
> x[ [2] ] check the
output
> x[ [2]] = “ra”
> x[ [2]] check the output
> s check the output
Basic Data Types in R
Lists in R:
Named List Member:
We can assign names to list members, and reference them by names instead of
numeric indexes.
> v = list(bob=c(2, 3, 5), john=c("aa", "bb"))
>v check the output
> v[“bob”]
> v[c(“bob”, “john”)]
> v[["bob"]] check the output
> v$bob check the output
Basic Data Types in R
attach() and detach() in R:
We can attach a list to the R search path and access its members
without explicitly mentioning the list.
It should to be detached for clean up.
example:
> attach(v)
> bob check output
detach(v)
Basic Data Types in R
Data frame in R:
A data frame is used for storing data tables.
It is a list of vectors of equal length.
Example:
> n = c(2, 3, 5)
> s = c("aa", "bb", "cc")
> b = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)
> df = data.frame(n, s, # df is a data
b) frame
Basic Data Types in R
Data frame in R:
Build – in Data Frames:
Example: > mtcars
> mtcars check the output
Header, data row or instances, cell or variable
mtcars[1,2] give the cell value of first row and 2nd column.
> mtcars["Mazda RX4", "cyl"] check output
> nrow(mtcars) check output
> ncol(mtcars) check the output
> help(“mtcars”)
> head(mtcars) check output
> tail(mtcars) check output
>dim(mtcars) check output
Basic Data Types in R
Data frame column vector in
R:
uses [[]] data frame column
Example:
>mtcars[[6]]
> mtcars[[“am”]]
>mtcars$am
> mtcars[, “am”]
Basic Data Types in R
Data frame column slice in
R: >mtcars[1]
> mtcars[“mpg”]
> mtcars[c(“mpg”,
“hp”]
Basic Data Types in R
Data frame Row slice in
R: Example:
>mtcars[24,]
> mtcars[c(3,24)] to retrieve more than one row
data
Data Import in R
Data import in R:
Import of xls sheets
Code -1:
> library(gdata)
> mydata = read.xls("mydata.xls")
Code – 2:
> library(XLConnect)
> wk = loadWorkbook("mydata.xls")
> df = readWorksheet(wk,
sheet="Sheet1")
library(xlsx)
Data Import in R
Data import in R:
Import of xls sheets
Code – 3 :
> library(xlsx)
> mydata <- read.xlsx("c:/myexcel.xlsx", 1)
> mydata <- read.xlsx("c:/myexcel.xlsx", sheetName = "mysheet")
Data Import in R
Data import in R:
Import of table file:
Code -1:
> mydata = read.table(“~~path/mydata.txt")
> mydata
Code – 2:
> mydata =
read.table(file.choose(),header=TRUE/FALSE)
> mydata
>help(read.table) see the output
Data Import in R
Data import in R:
Import of CSV file:
Code -1:
> mydata = read.table(“~~path/mydata.csv")
> mydata
Code – 2:
> mydata =
read.table(file.choose(),header=TRUE/FALSE, sep=“,” ,
row.names=“id”)
> mydata
