Desalination
And Water
Treatment
This article explores the role of advanced oxidation
processes (AOPs) in textile wastewater treatment. It
provides a critical review of the challenges and
opportunities associated with using AOPs for this purpose.
Introduction
Industrialization and population growth are the main causes of water pollution and
scarcity. Conventional treatment methods are often ineffective against toxic
contaminants like pharmaceuticals and antibiotics.
1 Challenges
Conventional treatment methods are often ineffective against toxic contaminants
like pharmaceuticals and antibiotics.
2 Need for Advanced Treatment
Improved removal of these contaminants requires more energy-efficient treatment
techniques.
3 Textile Industry Pollution
The textile industry is a major contributor to water pollution, releasing dye-
containing wastewater without treatment.
4 AOPs for Textile Wastewater
This review focuses on the application of AOPs in textile wastewater treatment,
highlighting recent advances and future challenges.
Conventional Treatment Methods
Various conventional treatment methods have been developed to address water
pollution, including ponds, activated sludge processes, and membrane filtration
techniques.
Method Target Contaminants Limitations
Ponds Organic matter Inefficient for toxic
contaminants, large
land requirement
Activated Sludge Organic matter, nutrients Sludge production,
ineffective for some
pollutants
Membrane Filtration Suspended solids, High operational cost,
bacteria membrane fouling
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
AOPs are oxidation processes that generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH•) for
water purification. These radicals effectively degrade pollutants by transforming them
into less harmful byproducts.
Mechanism
AOPs generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH•) that oxidize and degrade
pollutants.
Applications
AOPs have diverse applications in treating industrial effluents, including those from
textile, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries.
Advantages
AOPs offer several advantages over conventional methods, including higher
efficiency, faster treatment times, and reduced sludge production.
Ozone (O3) Based AOPs
Ozone is a strong oxidizer that can directly react with organic pollutants or decompose into hydroxyl
radicals (OH•) for enhanced degradation.
Homogeneous Heterogeneous Advantages
Catalytic Ozonation Catalytic Ozonation
Catalytic ozonation enhances
Transition metal cations like Solid catalysts like metal ozone efficiency and reduces
Fe2+ catalyze the oxides or carbon-based treatment time.
decomposition of ozone, materials adsorb ozone and
generating OH• radicals. pollutants, facilitating
oxidation.
O3/H2O2 Based AOPs (Peroxon
The peroxone process combines ozone (O3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to
generate hydroxyl radicals (OH•) for enhanced pollutant degradation.
Ozone Decomposition
Ozone decomposes into reactive oxygen species.
Hydrogen Peroxide Reaction
Hydrogen peroxide reacts with ozone, producing hydroxyl radicals.
Pollutant Degradation
Hydroxyl radicals oxidize and degrade pollutants.
UV/O3, UV, H2O2, UV/H2O2 Based AOPs
UV radiation can be used alone or in combination with ozone or hydrogen peroxide to
enhance the degradation of pollutants.
UV Photolysis
UV radiation directly breaks down pollutants.
UV/O3
UV radiation enhances ozone decomposition, generating OH• radicals.
UV/H2O2
UV radiation promotes hydrogen peroxide decomposition, producing OH• radicals.
Fenton-Based AOPs
Fenton reactions involve the use of ferrous iron (Fe2+) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to generate hydroxyl
radicals (OH•) for pollutant degradation.
Homogeneous Fenton 1
Iron salts are dissolved in solution, reacting
with hydrogen peroxide.
2 Heterogeneous Fenton
Iron ions are immobilized on a solid support,
enhancing catalyst stability.
Photo-Fenton 3
UV radiation accelerates the Fenton
reaction, increasing OH• production.
4 Electro-Fenton
Electrochemical methods generate both
Fe2+ and H2O2 in situ.
Photocatalysis
Photocatalysis utilizes semiconductor materials like titanium dioxide (TiO2) to generate electron-hole pairs upon
UV irradiation, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species for pollutant degradation.
TiO2 Photocatalysis ZnO Photocatalysis
TiO2 is a widely used photocatalyst for degrading ZnO is another effective photocatalyst for pollutant
pollutants. degradation.
Electrochemical AOPs
Electrochemical AOPs utilize electric current to generate
reactive oxygen species for pollutant degradation.
1 Direct Oxidation
Pollutants are directly oxidized at the anode surface.
2 Indirect Oxidation
Oxidants like hydroxyl radicals are generated in situ
and react with pollutants.
3 Advantages
Electrochemical AOPs are environmentally friendly,
require no chemicals, and produce minimal sludge.
