COMPATIVE POLICE

SYSTEM
MIDTERM
Counterterrorism
- refers to the practices, tactics and strategies that
governments, militaries and other groups adopt in order
to fight terrorism.
- that include the offensive measures taken to prevent,
deter, preempt, and respond to terrorism (NATO and US
Military Operations).
• Types of Counterterrorism:
1. Strategic Counterterrorism – deny resources,
such as finances or base areas to the terrorist. It will
capture, kill, or convert terrorist leaders.
2. Tactical and Operational Counterterrorism –
creation of elite units or forces, whose role is to
directly engage terrorists and prevent terrorist
attacks. They perform both in preventive actions,
hostage rescue and responding to on-going attacks.
• Counter-Terrorist Groups
1. Australia – Tactical Assault Group (TAG) and Special Air Service Regiment (SASR)
2. Germany – Grenzchutzgruppe-9 (GSG)
3. Israel – SayeretMat’kal (General Staff Reconnaissance Unit 269)
4. Netherlands – BijzondreBijstandEenheid (BBE)
5. Norway – ForsvaretsSpecialKommando (FSK) - (Special Commando of the
Defense)
6. Oman – Sultan’s Special Forces “Cobras”
7. United Kingdom (UK) – Special Air Service (SAS)
8. United States of America – Delta Force and Seal Team Six
9. Philippines – Special Action Force (PNP-SAF) and Special Operations Group
(PASCOM-SOG)
• United Nation’s Counter-Terrorism Committee
- The CTC was established by Security Control resolution 1373, which was adopted
unanimously on Sept. 28, 2001 in the wake of the Sept. 11 terrorist attack in the United
States.
- The Committee, comprising all 15 Security Council Members.

• United States of America’s National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)

- Established by President Executive Order 133354 in August 2004 and codified by the
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004.

• Philippine Center on Transnational Crime (PCTC)

- Created on January 15, 1999 by Executive Order No. 62 under the Office of the President
to formulate and implement a concerted of action of all law enforcement, intelligence and
other government agencies for the prevention and control of transnational crime.
• Terrorist Organization in the World
• 1. Al- Qaeda
- founded by Osama Bin Laden in 1988 in Saudi Arabia.
- an Islamic Jihadist Movement to replace Western-controlled or dominated
Muslim countries with Islamic fundamentalist regimes.
* Osama Bin Laden born on March 10, 1957 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the only
son of his father’s 10th wife. At the age of17, Osama married his first wife.
Osama married four women and fathered roughly 26 children.
* the September 11, 2001 attack – Al Qaeda’s well known attack; 19 men
hijacked 4 commercial passenger jet airliners, crashing 2 of them into the
World Trade Center, 1 in Pentagon and the other in Pennyslvania. 2, 973 died
and the 19 hijackers.
• 2. Islamic State
- also known in the Arab world as Daesh and by the acronyms ISIS and ISIL, Islamic
State has been the deadliest terrorist group in the world for the past three years.
- it has been largely defeated in its home territory of Syria and Iraq but it remains
capable of launching attacks in those countries and has also inspired individuals
and affiliated groups to stage attacks in other parts of the Middle East as well as
Europe and Asia.
- ISIS tends to prefer bombings or explosions – these accounted for 69% of its
attacks last year. However, it also carries out hostage takings and assassinations.
- however, Islamic State’s powers now look to be on the wane. Last year it carried
out 22% fewer attacks than the year before, with the number of deaths dropping
from 9,150 in 2016 to 4,350 in 2017. The number of deaths per attack also
dropped from eight in 2016 to 4.9 in 2017.
• 3. The Taliban
- the Afghan group has been waging a war of attrition with the U.S.-backed coalition since 2001
and has proven remarkably resilient. As of mid-2017, it controlled an estimated 11% of the
country and was contesting a further 29% of Afghanistan’s 398 districts. It is active in 70% of
Afghanistan’s provinces.
- in 2017, Taliban forces were responsible for 699 attacks, causing 3,571 deaths, with armed
assaults and bombings the most common form of attack. In addition, its affiliate in neighboring
Pakistan, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, was responsible for a further 56 attacks and 233 deaths.
- the Taliban's actions have become more deadly in the past year, killing an average of 5.1 people
per attack in 2017 (up from 4.2 people the year before). The group has adjusted its tactics in
recent years, switching its focus away from attacks on civilian targets and towards police and
military personnel.
- the Taliban killed 2,419 police and military personnel in 2017, up from 1,782 the year before. The
number of attacks on such targets also increased from 369 in 2016 to 386 in 2017. At the same
time, the number of civilian deaths caused by the Taliban fell to 548 in 2017, compared to 1,223 in
2016.
• 4. Al-Shabaab
- the extremist militant group Al-Shabaab emerged in 2006. It is an affiliate of Al-
Qaeda and while its main area of operations is Somalia, it has also carried out
attacks in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda.
- Al-Shabaab was the deadliest terror group in sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, being
responsible for 1,457 deaths, a rise of 93% on the year before. Two-thirds of the
deaths were in the Somali capital Mogadishu. The worst incident was in October
2017, when 588 people were killed and 316 injured in an explosion outside the
Safari Hotel in the Hodan area of the city.
- many of the countries worst affected by terrorism have seen a decline in the
number of deaths over recent years, including Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Nigeria and
Pakistan. Somalia, however, has been an unfortunate exception to that trend, due
to the actions of Al-Shabaab. There have been almost 6,000 deaths from terrorism
in the country since 2001.
• 5. Boko Haram
- the Nigerian terrorist group Boko Haram (also known by the far longer name Jama’tuAhlis
Sunna Lidda’awatiwal-Jihad) was once the world’s deadliest terror group but it has been in
decline since 2014 and has recently started to splinter into different factions, the largest of
which is the Islamic State West African Province (ISWAP).
Since it emerged in the northeast of the country in 2002 it has spread out to other nearby
countries including Chad, Cameroon and Niger and the group has sworn allegiance to Islamic
State.
- the fall in terrorist deaths in Nigeria in recent years – the number of deaths is down 83% from
the 2014 peak – indicates that the region’s security forces, assisted by international allies, are
having an impact on groups such as Boko Haram. The battle is far from won, though. Boko
Haram carried out 40% more attacks and was responsible for 15% more deaths in 2017 than in
the year before.
- most of the group's attacks last year were carried out in Nigeria – particularly in Borno State –
with smaller numbers in Cameroon and Niger. The group has gained notoriety for mass hostage
takings and the extensive use of children and women as suicide bombers.
6. JEMAAH ISLAMIYAH
Jemaah Islamiyah was listed on 25 October 2002 pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 2 of resolution 1390
(2002) as being associated with Al-Qaida, Usama bin Laden or the Taliban for “participating in the
financing, planning, facilitating, preparing or perpetrating of acts or activities by, in conjunction with,
under the name of, on behalf or in support of” Al-Qaida.
Founded in Malaysia on 1 January 1993 by Abdullah Sungkar and Abu Bakar Ba’asyir (QDi.217),
Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) evolved from the long-established Indonesian militant movement, Darul Islam,
into an organization with links to Al-Qaida (QDe.004) and strongly influenced by Usama bin Laden’s
(deceased) ideology and methodology. JI’s ultimate aim is the creation of a state based on extremist
ideology which stretches across most of Southeast Asia.
A JI leader and explosives expert, Fathur Rohman al-Ghozhi, admitted to helping plan and finance a
series of bombings in the Philippines on 30 December 2000 that killed 22 persons and injured more
than 100. He was sentenced to 16 years in prison in the Philippines for possession of explosives and
passport offences.
JI was responsible for bombings in Bali on 12 October 2002, which killed 202 persons. It was also
behind the bombing of J.W. Marriot Hotel, Jakarta in 2003 and the bombing of the Australian Embassy
in Jakarta in 2004. JI was also responsible for the bombings in Bali in 2005.
7. Hezbollah
is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group.
Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the Jihad Council, and its political wing is
the Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc party in the Lebanese Parliament. Its
armed strength was assessed to be equivalent to that of a medium-sized
army in 2016.
Hezbollah's notable attacks include the 1983 U.S. Marine Barracks
bombing in Beirut, attacks on Western targets in the 1980s such as the
Rome and Vienna airport attacks in 1985, the hijacking of the
Pan Am Flight 73 in 1986, and a major ambush that killed Israeli soldiers
in 2015. More recently, the group has exchanged fire with Israel during the
ongoing conflicts in 2023 and 2024 and has deployed forces to support the
Assad regime in Syria.
• Founders: Hassan Nasrallah, Imad Mughniyeh ·
 Terrorism in the Philippines
A. Islamic Terrorist Group:
1. Bangsa Moro “the MORO people”
- is the generic name for the 13 ethno linguistic Muslim tribes in the Philippines which constitute a
quarter of the population in Mindanao in the Southern Philippines.
- three Major Groups: Maguindanaons, Maranaos, Tausogs.
- established in 1971 to fight for an independent Moro (Islamic) state in Mindanao, the Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF) was the first Islamic extremist group in the Philippines. Filipino Muslims refer
to themselves as Moro, which is a derivation of the word ‘Moor,’ a derogatory term used by Spanish
colonialists to refer to Islamic North Africans. The term was then adopted by the Christian majority of
the Philippines to describe their Muslim neighbors in the southern islands of the country. After over a
decade of fighting and negotiations between the Philippine government and MNLF leaders, then-
President Corazon Aquino signed a law in 1989 that established the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM), allowing for self-rule of predominately Muslim areas. Nonetheless, violent conflict
continued until 1996, when the MNLF and the Philippine government ultimately reached a final peace
agreement, effectively ending the group’s armed struggle. (Sources: BBC News, CNN Philippines)
- the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) split from the MNLF in 1978 over leadership and strategic
conflicts. Salamat Hashim, a member of the MNLF, was unhappy with the group’s agreement with the
Philippine government, which allowed for an autonomous but not independent region in Mindanao.
Hashim rallied more radical elements to breakaway and form the MILF. The MILF has been in negotiations
with the Philippine government for over 18 years and has since denounced violence and terrorist acts. In
March 2014, the MILF and the government of then-President Benigno Aquino III signed a peace
agreement, known as the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (CAB). The CAB laid a
foundation for a legislative framework that would replace the ARMM and grant greater autonomy.
(Sources: BBC News, The Economist, Reuters, The Diplomat)
on July 26, 2018, Duterte signed the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL), which would create a new
autonomous region, to be called the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). The
BOL adds more territories to the pre-existing autonomous region, subject to a plebiscite wherein locals
voted on inclusion. The law allows for the BARMM to have a parliament and more autonomy over issues
such as budgeting, the judicial system, indigenous rights, and natural resources. Both MNLF and MILF
support the law, which has received praise from the United Nations and countries with ties to the peace
efforts in Mindanao. Both separatist groups pledged to fight violent extremism and promised to work with
the government for peace. On January 21, 2019, a majority of voters in the ARMM approved the BOL and
it was officially deemed ratified on January 25. (Sources: The Diplomat, Rappler)
• 2. Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

- Aliases: Al- Hakarat – “Bearer of the Sword” and Al- Islamiyah – Father of the Swordsman.
- Founding Philosophy: The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) was formed in 1991 during the peace process
between the Philippine government and the nationalist/separatist terrorist group, the Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF)
- ASG was led by AbdujarakJanjalani, who was recruited for training in Afghanistan.
- the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) is the smallest, though most radical of the separatist groups in
Mindanao. ASG split from the MNLF in 1991, like the MILF, amidst criticism that the parent
organization was weakening due to its willingness to enter into peace talks with the Philippine
government. ASG is the most violent of the groups and is of most concern to Australia and United
States, due to its historical ties to al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah. The group is divided into two main
factions: the Sulu-based faction led by Radulan Sahiron, one of the United States’ most-wanted
terrorists; and the Basilan-based faction, which was led by Isnilon Totoni Hiplon until his death in
October 2017. In a video posted on January 2016, a band of ASG members, using the group’s
alternative name Harakatul Islamiyah (Islamic Movement), pledged allegiance to ISIS and named
Hapilon their new leader. Hapilon was on the FBI’s list of Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement
with ASG. (Sources: Stanford University, BBC News, Manila Time).
• 3. Rajah Solaiman Movement
- Aliases: “Balik Islam” or “Back to Islam”.
- Founded by Hilarion del Rosario Santos III, a.k.a Hannah Santos, Ahmed
Santos, Hilarion del Rosario.
- Converted to Islam in 1993 and married into the top ranks of the leadership
of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG).
 Communist Influence
1. New People’s Army (NPA)
- Formed in 1969 with support from China.
- Created as the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines.
- the Philippines’ longest-running extremist conflict is with the Communist People’s Party
(CPP) and its military wing the New People’s Army (NPA). Jose Maria Sison, a student activist
in Manila, established the CPP in 1968 after being expelled from the existing Communist
party, the PartidoKomunista ng Pilipinas (PKP).
- the CPP’s ideology is based heavily on Maoist thought and singled out U.S. imperialism,
capitalism, and feudalism as issues to be confronted via revolution or a “protracted people’s
war,” rooted in the peasantry. Unlike Islamist groups that are located primarily in the
southern Philippines, the CPP has a presence in Manila and is active throughout the country.
On August 9, 2002, the U.S. Department of State designated the “Communist Party of the
Philippines/New People’s Army (CPP/NPA)” as a Foreign Terrorist Organization at the request
of then-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. (Sources: CTC Sentinel, International Crisis
Group, U.S. Department of State)
2. DRUG TRAFFICKING
- is also known as illegal drug trade or drug distribution, is the crime
of selling, transporting, or illegally importing unlawful controlled
substances, such as heroin, cocaine, marijuana, or other illegal drugs.
- it is a global black-market activity consisting of production,
distribution, packaging and sale of illegal psychoactive substances.
- it simply involves smuggling across borders, and distribution within
the demand country.
- is a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture,
distribution and sale of substances which are subject to drug
prohibition laws.
Techniques used by drug traders when crossing borders:
1. Avoiding border checks, such as by small ships, small aircraft, and
through overland smuggling routes.
2. Carrying to border checks with the drugs hidden in a vehicle, between
other merchandise, in luggage, in or under clothes, inside the body etc.
3. Buying off diplomats to smuggle drugs in diplomatic mail/luggage, to
avoid border checks.

Mule – is a lower-echelon criminal recruited by a smuggling organization to

cross a border carrying drugs, or sometimes an unknowing person in whose
bag or vehicles the drugs are planted, for the purpose of retrieving them
elsewhere.
Illicit Drug Routes
A. 1st Important Drug Traffic Route
Middle East (discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest) Turkey (preparation for distribution) Europe
(manufacture, synthesis, refine) U.S. (marketing, distribution).
B. 2nd Major Traffic Route
A. Drugs originated from the Golden Triangle (Burma/Myanmar-Laos-Thailand)
- Approximately produced 60% of opium in the world, 90% of opium in the eastern
part of Asia; also, the officially acknowledged source of Southeast Asian Heroin.
- Southeast Asia: Heroin is produced and passed thru nearby countries in relatively small quantities thru air transport
while in transit to the US and European countries.

B. Drugs originated from the Golden Crescent ( Iran-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India)

- Southwest Asia – Golden Crescent: major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and Heroin products
in the western part of Asia.
- It produces at least 85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.
3. MONEY LAUNDERING
- is the method by which criminals disguise the illegal origins of their wealth and protect
their asset bases.
- conversion or transfer of property knowing that such property is derived from a criminal
offense, for the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin or the property, or
assisting any person who is involved in the commission of such offense, or offenses, to
evade legal consequences of his action (UN definition).
- money laundering suggests a cycle of transactions in which the illegitimate dirty money
comes out clean after being processes into a legitimate legal source (Fairchild, 2001).
- the monetary proceeds of criminal activity are converted into funds with an apparent
legal source (Manzel, 1996).
- the process of converting cash, or other property, which is derived from criminal activity,
so as to give it the appearance of having been obtained from a legitimate source.
- is a crime whereby the proceeds of unlawful activity are transacted, thereby making them
appear to have originated from legitimate source (sec. 4, RA 9160 AMLA)
• Stages of Money Laundering (Three Basic Steps in Money
Laundering)

1. Placement – The first stage in the washing cycle, the money is placed into
the financial system or retail economy or is smuggled out of the country. The
aim is to remove the case from the location of acquisition.
2. Layering – The first attempt at concealment or disguise of the course of the
ownership of the funds by creating complex layers of financial transactions
designed to disguise the audit trail and provide anonymity. Moving money in
and out of the bank account bearer through electronic funds transfer.
3. Integration – The final stage in the process, the money is integrated into
the legitimate economic and financial system and assimilated in all other
assets in the system
Republic Act No. 9160 as amended by RA No. 9194
- “Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001.”

Anti-Money Laundering Council

- Financial intelligence unit in the Philippines that conducts investigations on
suspicious transactions.
• 4. HUMAN TRAFFICKING

- The United Nations defines human trafficking as: “The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or
receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of
deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or
benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of
exploitation.”
- a crime against humanity. It involves an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving a
person through the use of force, coercion or other means, for the purpose of exploiting them.
- is the act of recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing or obtaining a person for compelled labor or
commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud or coercion. It’s important to note, though, that human
trafficking can include, but does not require, movement. You can be a victim of human trafficking in your
hometown. At the heart of human trafficking is the traffickers’ goal of exploitation and enslavement.
-is the illegal trade in human beings for purpose of commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor.
- involves the recruitment, transport, harboring, or sale of persons, within or across national borders, for the
purpose of exploiting their labor.
- is the acquisition of people by improper means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting
them.
- a modern form of slavery.
Human Trafficking vs. Human Smuggling

Human Trafficking
- usually involves coercion.
- characterized by subsequent exploitation after the illegal entry of a person into a
foreign country.
- considered a human rights issue.

Human smuggling
- usually does not involve coercion.
- characterized by facilitating for an illegal entry of a person into a foreign country.
- considered a migration concern.
Elements of Human Trafficking
1. The Act (What is done)
-recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons.
2. The Means (How it is done)
- threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of
power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control
of the victim.
3. The Purpose (Why it is done)
- for the purpose of exploitation, which includes exploiting the prostitution of
others, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery or similar practices and the
removal of organs.
Philippine Domestic Laws
1. RA No. 9208 – “Anti-trafficking in Persons Act of 2013.” As
amended by RA No. 10364 – “The Expanded Anti-Trafficking in
Persons Act of 2012.”
2. RA No. 7610 – “Special Protection of Children Against Abuse,
Exploitation and Discrimination Act.”
3. RA No. 8042 – “Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act.”
4. RA No. 6955 – “An Act to Declare Unlawful the Practice of
Matching Filipino Women for Marriage to Foreign Nationals on a
Mail-Order Basis and Other similar Practices.
5. RA No. 8239 – “Philippine Passport Act of 1996.”
Causes of Human Trafficking
1. Poverty
2. Uneven economic development
3. Family orientation and values
4. Weak enforcement of laws
5. Corruption
6. Immediate benefits of working abroad
Common examples of Human Trafficking
1. Forced Labor (Involuntary servitude)
- A family gives up a child to an adoption agent in Nepal because they cannot afford to
care for him. He is then, in turn, sold to a sweatshop owner who forces the child to
learn to sew garments without pay for hours each day. The child receives minimal
nutrition and does not attend school.

2. Sex Trafficking
- Disproportionately affects women and children and involves forced participation in
commercial sex acts.
- Two women from Korea are brought into San Francisco under the pretense that they
will receive jobs as hostesses or waitresses. When they arrive, they are held captive
and forced into prostitution, while their captor controls the money they receive.
3. Debt Bondage
- Is another form of human trafficking in which an individual is forced to work in order to pay
a debt.
- A young woman from Russia has amassed grave credit card debt and is desperate to pay it
off. A man who identifies himself as an employment agent offers her a job in the United
States as a domestic employee. She arrives in the San Francisco with a valid visa but it and
her passport and taken from her. She is brought to a home where her movement is
restricted. She is then told that she must work as a housekeeper to pay off the cost of her
travel or her family will be killed.
4. Child Sex Trafficking
- A 15-year-old boy runs away from his home in San Francisco to Oakland, where he lives on
the street. He is seduced by a pimp who coerces him into participating in a prostitution ring
and controls all the profits generated.
Types of Human Trafficking
1. Sexual Exploitation
2. Forced labor
3. Poverty
4. Corruption
5. Civil unrest
6. Weak government
7. Lack of access to education or jobs
8. Family disruption or dysfunction
9. Lack of human rights
10. Economic disruptions