THEORISTS
Human Growth & Development
IVAN PAVLOV
(1849-1936)
Classical Conditioni
ng - The Office
PAVLOV’S THEORY
Pavlov’s “classical
conditioning” theory
states that we can be
trained to associate a
specific stimulus with a
certain behavior.
His study of dogs lead
to his “classical
conditioning” theory.
Behavioral-
B.F. SKINNER social
(1904-1990) learning
Proposed the theory of operant
conditioning; behavior is influenced
by the consequences of actions;
people can learn to repeat or stop
behaviors because of consequences
Reinforcement (negative and
positive) anything that follows a
behavior and causes it to be
repeated; punishment decreases the
chances that a behavior will be
repeated.
SKINNER’S THEORY
Developed the “Operant Conditioning Theory” which stated that we
can change a behavior by the use of reinforcement, which is given
after the desired response.
Operant Condi
tioning
Vocabulary
○Positive Reinforcement – causes subject to repeat
behavior over again
○*Negative Reinforcement– non-reinforcement
○*Punishment – anything that follows a behavior &
causes it to stop
○*Extinction – when a behavior is completely eliminated
For example, when a child touches something hot, such as a
stove, and feels pain, he or she learns to avoid touching the
stove.
Questions?
Think - Ink- Share
1. How is behavior influenced by
consequences?
2. How do positive reinforcement and
punishment differ in their effects on
behavior?
3. What does extinction mean when
talking about behavior?
Id, Ego, Superego
SIGMUND FREUD
(1856-1939)
Psychoanalytic Theory
Focus on personality development and
effects of conscious and unconscious mind
on behavior development
FREUD’S THEORY
The mind contains the id,
ego, and superego which
are all in constant conflict.
Video:
[Link]
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ch?v=7vFf5CS
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[Link]
Vocabulary
Defense mechanisms: used when there are
conflicts within the parts of the personality (to
reduce tension)
Denial: not acknowledging problem
Repression: suppressing a memory until it
disappears into the subconscious
Projection: putting own beliefs or behavior onto
someone else.
Vocabulary
Displacement: showing emotion toward someone or
something unrelated to that which caused the emotion.
Rationalization: making up explanations for
something that has happened.
*Regression: acting in a way that is not typical for
your age.
Questions?
Think - Ink- Share
● What is the purpose of defense
mechanisms?
● How does repression differ from
denial?
● What is an example of projection?
ERIK ERIKSON
(1902-1994)
Have to overcome a
conflict in each stage
to successfully resolve
Psychoanalytic Theory
Focus on personality
development and effects
of conscious and
unconscious mind on
behavior development
Pixar & Erikson's
Erikson's 8 stages 8 Stages of Develo
pment
ERIKSON’S THEORY
ABRAHAM MASLOW
(1908-1970)
Theory of Human Needs
Development is a result
of meeting personal
needs.
*Must fulfill basic needs
before and higher-level
needs can be met.
Maslow's Theory Examples from Despicable
MASLOW’S Me
HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS
Puzzle Time
Use your notes to complete the
crossword puzzle.
JEAN PIAGET
(1896-1980)
Cognitive Theory
Emphasize the
development of
thinking, such as
memory and logic;
how children learn to
think
Piaget's Sta
ges of Devel
opment
PIAGET’S THEORY
MARIA MONTESSORI
(1870-1952)
● Italian doctor and
educator
● Montessori Method
emphasizes
individualized, self-
paced, hands-on
learning
MONTESSORI [Link]
[Link]/watch?v=09Y
THEORY -huCMjIc
LEV VYGOTSKY
1896-1934)
Sociocultural Theory
Emphasized how children
adopt the thought
structures represented in
the language and culture
that surround them.
Complex thinking develops
with social interaction.
VYGOTSKY THEORY
[Link]
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Vocabulary
Scaffolding: when a child’s learning is guided by an
adult, builds on prior knowledge.
Adults must model best strategy
Gain & keep attention of child
Adapt learning to developmental level
Zone of Proximal Development: the space between
what a learner can do without assistance and what a
learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration
with more capable peers.
ALBERT BANDURA
(1925-2021)
Social Learning Theory
Learning does not always
require reinforcement BUT…
Reinforcement and
punishment help children to
think about which behaviors to
imitate.
Social Learning t
heory - Bandura
BANDURA’S THEORY
Bandura believed people learn from one another
via observation and imitation. He is famous for the
“Bobo Doll” experiment which demonstrated how
observation influences thinking and behavior.
Bandura
*Learning depends on 4 things:
-What the person pays attention to
-What they are able to remember
-What they are physically able to copy
-What they are motivated to imitate
Arnold Gesell
1880-1961
Milestones of
Came up with “milestones of development”
C
Development
He developed the normal
sequence of development and at
what age children should be able
to do certain things. These age-
norms are still used today by the
medical profession. The age-
norms give us a standard by
which to monitor a child’s
development.
Lawrence Kohlberg
1927-1987
Moral Development
Theory
PEDAGOGY VS. ANDRAGOGY
How we learn as children vs. how we
learn as adults
Malcolm Knowles
· Attempted to document the
differences between how adults and
children learn
· Proposed andragogy and pedagogy
PEDAGOGY VS.
ANDRAGOGY
