ABO Discrepancies & other problems
cls.umc.edu/COURSES/CLS325/Week5/Discrepancies.ppt
Rene Wilkins, PhD, MLS(ASCP)CM CLS 325/435 School of Health Related Professions University of Mississippi Medical Center
Importance
It is important for students to recognize discrepant results and how to (basically) resolve them Remember, the ABO system is the most important blood group system in relation to transfusions Misinterpreting ABO discrepancies could be life threatening to patients
Discrepancies
A discrepancy occurs when the red cell testing does NOT match the serum testing results In other words, the forward does NOT match the reverse
Why?
Reaction strengths could be weaker than expected Some reactions may be missing in the reverse or forward typings Extra reactions may occur
Patient 1 2 3 4
Anti-A 4+ 0 4+ 0
Anti-B A1 Cells B Cells 1+ 4+ 4+ 3+ 0 1+ 1+ 0 4+ 0 0 0
What do you do?
Identify the problem Most of the time, the problem is technical
Mislabeled tube Failure to add reagent
Either repeat test on same sample, request a new sample, or wash cells
Other times, there is a real discrepancy due to problems with the patients red cells or serum
Discrepancy ?
If a real discrepancy is encountered, the results must be recorded However, the interpretation is delayed until the discrepancy is RESOLVED
Errors
Technical Errors
Clerical errors
Mislabeled tubes Patient misidentification Inaccurate interpretations recorded Transcription error Computer entry error Using expired reagents Using an uncalibrated centrifuge Contaminated or hemolyzed reagents Incorrect storage temperatures Reagents not added Manufacturers directions not followed RBC suspensions incorrect concentration Cell buttons not resuspended before grading agglutination
Reagent or equipment problems
Procedural errors
Clotting deficiencies
Serum that does not clot may be due to:
Low platelet counts Anticoagulant therapy (Heparin, Aspirin, etc) Factor deficiencies
Serum that does not clot completely before testing is prone to developing fibrin clots that may mimic agglutination Thrombin can be added to serum to activate clot formation OR, tubes containing EDTA can be used
Contaminated samples or reagents
Sample contamination
Microbial growth in tube
Reagent contamination
Bacterial growth causes cloudy or discolored appearancedo not use if you see this! Reagents contaminated with other reagents (dont touch side of tube when dispensing) Saline should be changed regularly
Equipment problems
Routine maintenance should be performed on a regular basis (daily, weekly, etc) Keep instruments like centrifuges, thermometers, and timers calibrated
Uncalibrated serofuges can cause false results
Hemolysis
Detected in serum after centrifugation (red) Important if not documented Can result from:
Complement binding
Anti-A, anti-B, anti-H, and anti-Lea
Bacterial contamination
Red supernatant
ABO discrepancies
ABO Discrepancies
Problems with RBCs
Weak-reacting/Missing antigens Extra antigens Mixed field reactions
Problems with SERUM
Weak-reacting/Missing antibodies Extra antibodies
Grouping Forward
Missing/Weak Extra Mixed Field
Reverse
Missing/Weak Extra
A/B Subgroup
Acquired B
O Transfusion
Young Elderly
Immunocompromised
Cold Autoantibody
Disease (cancer)
B(A) Phenotype
Bone Marrow Transplant
Cold Alloantibody
Rouleaux
May cause all + reactions
Rouleaux
Anti-A1
Forward Grouping Problems
Red Cell Problems
Affect the forward grouping results
Missing or weak antigens Extra antigens Mixed field reactions
Forward Grouping:
Missing or Weak antigens
ABO Subgroups Disease (leukemia, Hodgkins disease)
Anti-A 0
Group O
Anti-B 0
A1 Cells 0
B Cells 4+
Group A
Since the forward and reverse dont match, there must be a discrepancy (in this case, a missing antigen in the forward grouping)
Subgroups of A (or B)
Subgroups of A account for a small portion of the A population (B subgroups rarer) These subgroups have less antigen sites on the surface of the red blood cell may type as group O As a result, they show weakened (or missing) reactions when tested with commercial antisera Resolution: test with Anti-A1, AntiH, and anti-A,B for A subgroups
Forward Grouping:
Extra Antigens
Acquired B B(A) phenotype Rouleaux Polyagglutination Whartons Jelly Anti-A Anti-B 4+ 1+ A1 B Cells Cells 0 4+
EXAMPLE
Acquired B Phenotype
Limited mainly to Group A1 individuals with:
Lower GI tract disease Cancer of colon/rectum Intestinal obstruction Gram negative septicemia (i.e. E. coli)
Problems with The Forward Grouping:
Extra ABO antigens Acquired B Antigen
a)Microbial deacetylating enzymes such as E. coli cleave off the N-Acetyl of the Group A N-acetyl-D-galactosamine immunodominant sugar. The remaining Dgalactosamine becomes similar enough to the Group B D-galactose immunodominant sugar that it DOES react with reagent antiB. 1)Secondary to bowel obstruction or
Acquired B
Bacteria (E. coli) have a deacetylating enzyme that effects the A sugar.
Group A individual Acquired B Phenotype
Galactosamine now resembles D-galactose (found in Group B)
N-acetyl galactosamine
Bacterial enzyme removes acetyl group
Resolving Acquired B
Check patient diagnosis: Infection? Some manufacturers produce anti-B reagent that does not react with acquired B Test patients serum with their own RBCs
The patients own anti-B will not react with the acquired B antigen on their red cell (autologous testing)
B(A) phenotype
Similar to acquired B Patient is Group B with an apparent extra A antigen The B gene transfers small amounts of the A sugar to the H antigen Sometimes certain anti-A reagents will detect these trace amount of A antigen Resolution: test with another anti-A reagent from another manufacturer
Other reasons for extra antigens
Polyagglutination agglutination of RBCs with human antisera no matter what blood type
Due to bacterial infections Expression of hidden T antigens react with antisera
Rouleaux extra serum proteins Whartons Jelly gelatinous substance derived from connective tissue that is found in cord blood and may cause false agglutination (Remember: only forward typing is performed on cord blood)
Wash red cells or request new sample from heel,
Forward Grouping:
Mixed Field Agglutination
Results from two different cell populations Agglutinates are seen with a background of unagglutinated cells
All groups transfused with Group O cells Bone marrow/stem cell recipients A3 phenotype (sometimes B3) B Cells Anti-A Anti-B A1 Cells
0 2+ mf 4+ 0
Mixed Field Agglutination (Post transfusion)
~ (ABO Testing) Can be seen in A, B and AB individuals who have received O units. The antisera reacts with the patients RBCs, but not with the transfused O cells. ~ (Antibody screen) Can also be seen post transfusion if a person makes an antibody to antigen on donor cells; antibody agglutinates with donor cell, but not their on cells.
Reverse Grouping Problems
Reverse Grouping
Affect the reverse grouping results
Missing or weak antibodies Extra antibodies
Reverse Grouping:
Missing or Weak antibodies
Newborns
Do not form antibodies until later
Elderly
Weakened antibody activity
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Little or no antibody production (i.e. immunocompromised)
Often shows NO agglutination on reverse groupings
Resolving Weak or Missing antibodies
Determine:
patients age diagnosis
Incubate serum testing for 15 minutes (RT) to enhance antibody reactions If negative, place serum testing at 4C for 5 minutes with autologous control (a.k.a. Autocontrol, AC) This is called a mini-cold panel and should enhance the reactivity of the antibodies
Reverse Grouping:
Extra Antibodies
Cold antibodies (allo- or auto-)
Cold antibodies may include anti-I, H, M, N, P, Lewis
Rouleaux Anti-A1 in an A2 or A2B individual
Cold antibodies
Sometimes a patient will develop coldreacting allo- or auto-antibodies that appear as extra antibodies on reverse typing Alloantibodies are made against foreign red cells Autoantibodies are made against ones own red cells. Cold reacting antibodies cause agglutination with red cells at room temperature and below. The autocontrol will be positive.
Resolution: warming tube to 37 and washing red cells can disperse agglutination; breaking
Rouleaux
Can cause both extra antigens and extra antibodies stack of coins appearance May falsely appear as agglutination due to the increase of serum proteins (globulins) Stronger at IS and weak reaction at 37C and no agglutination at AHG phase Associated with:
Multiple meloma Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia (WM) Hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dextran, etc
Resolving Rouleaux
Remove proteins! If the forward grouping is affected, wash cells to remove protein and repeat test If the reverse grouping is affected, perform saline replacement technique (more common)
Cells (reagent) and serum (patient) centrifuged to allow antigen and antibody to react (if present) Serum is removed and replaced by an equal volume of saline (saline disperses cells)* Tube is mixed, centrifuged, and reexamined for agglutination (macro and micro)
*some procedures suggest only 2 drops of saline (UMMC)
Anti-A1
Sometimes A2 (or A2B) individuals will develop an anti-A1 antibody A2 (or A2B) individuals have less antigen sites than A1 individuals The antibody is a naturally occurring IgM A Cells, but not Reacts with + A1cells AGGLUTINATION A2 Cells
1
Anti-A1 from patient
+ A2 cells
NO AGGLUTINATION
Resolving anti-A1 discrepancy
2 steps:
Typing patient RBCs with Anti-A1 lectin Repeat reverse grouping with A2 Cells instead of A1 Cells Both results should yield NO agglutination Anti-B A1 B Cells Anti-A Cells 4+ 0 2+ 4+
Others
The Bombay phenotype (extremely RARE) results when hh is inherited These individuals do not have any antigens and naturally produce, antiA, anti-B, anti-A,B, and anti-H Basically, NO forward reaction and POSITIVE reverse Resolution: test with anti-H lectin (Bombays dont have H and will not react)
Finding the problem
Forward type tests for the antigen (red cell) Reverse type tests for the antibody (serum) Identify what the patient types as in both Forward & Reverse Groupings Is there a weaker than usual reaction? Is it a missing, weak, or extra reaction??
Resolving ABO Discrepancies
Get the patients history:
age Recent transplant Recent transfusion Patient medications The list goes on.
Lets practice !
Example 1
Anti-A 3+ Anti-B 0 A1 Cells 0 B Cells 1+
Problem: Causes: Resolution:
Example 2
Anti-A 3+ Anti-B 1+ A1 Cells 0 B Cells 4+
Problem: Causes: Resolution:
Example 3
Anti-A 2+ Anti-B 0+ A1 Cells 1+ B Cells 4+
Problem: Causes: Resolution:
Example 4
Anti-A 0 Anti-B 0 A1 Cells 0 B Cells 3+
Problem: Causes: Resolution:
Example 4
Anti-A,B Patient RBC
Probably a subgroup of A (Ax) if the result was negative (0), adsorption or elution studies with anti-A could be performed (these will help determine what A antigens)
1+
Example 5
Anti-A 0 Anti-B 2+mf A1 Cells 3+ B Cells 0
Problem: Causes: Resolution:
Example 6
Anti-A 4+ Anti-B 4+ A1 Cells 0 B Cells 1+
Problem: Causes: Resolution:
Example 7
Anti-A 0 Anti-B 0 A1 Cells 0 B Cells 0
Problem: Causes: Resolution:
Example 6
Screening Autocontrol Cells (I (AC) and II) Patient Serum 1 Patient Serum 2 Pos Pos Neg Pos Conclusion
Cold alloantibody Cold autoantibody
if alloantibody antibody ID techniques if autoantibody special procedures (minicold panel, prewarming techniques); no prior transfusions. If they have had a recent transfusion, then it could be an alloantibody.
References
Rudmann, S. V. (2005). Textbook of Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine (2nd Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. Blaney, K. D. and Howard, P. R. (2009). Basic & Applied Concepts of Immunohematology. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc.
