Introduction:
The concepts of
POLITICS
and
GOVERNAN
JUMBLED
LETTERS
GAME
PLTOICIS
POLITICS
LERU FO AWL
RULE OF LAW
GROVEANNCE
GOVERNANCE
TARPCNSREANY
TRANSPARENCY
RSPENOISVEENSS
RESPONSIVENESS
Introduction:
The concepts of
POLITICS
and
GOVERNAN
Prepared by: Ms. Irish Verone M. Polidario, LPT
ORIGIN OF POLITICS
• POLIS – city-state
• POLITES – citizens
• POLITIKOS – government officials
(Zaide, 1983)
POLITICS
• is derived from the Greek
word polis which means
“city-state”, a small
independent self- contained
political society.
POLITICS
• “the heart of Political Science”
• activity through which human
beings attempt to improve
their lives and create the Good
Society.
The Different Views
about Politics
POLITICS as the
art of
government.
• Politics is what defines the
activities of the government
and of the state. All
government officials and all
those working in
government are
participating in politics.
POLITICS as the
art of
government.
• Politics can be studied by
referring it to the affairs or
concerns of the polis or its
modern meaning what
concerns the state.
• If you are studying politics, you
are studying the government
• “Government is the office,
authority or function of governing.
POLITICS as public
affair.
• Politics is played by everybody,
politicians or not.
• This second view looks at politics as
what happens in the public sphere of
life. It is important that you remember
the distinction between ‘the political’
and ‘the nonpolitical’. It coincides with
the division between what is public
and what is private. If it happens in the
public sphere, it is political.
• Thus, politics becomes necessary to
create a just society.
POLITICS as public
affair.
• To clarify, the distinction between public and
private conforms to the division between the
state and civil society. The institutions of the
state (the government offices, departments and
agencies) can be regarded as ‘public’ because
they are responsible for the collective
organization of community life. Moreover, they
are funded at the public’s expense through
taxation. In contrast, civil society consists of
institutions such as private businesses, trade
unions, clubs, community groups and so on that
are ‘private’ in the sense that they are set up
and funded by individual citizens to satisfy their
own interests, rather than those of the larger
society.
POLITICS as
compromise and
consensus.
• Politics is meant to resolve
conflict.
• focuses on the way how decisions
are made.
• Politics is seen as a particular
means of resolving conflict: that
is, by compromise, conciliation
and negotiation, rather than
through the use of force and
naked power.
POLITICS as
power.
• Politics happens in all human
interactions: within the family,
among friends, among officemates,
etc.
• Politics can, therefore, be seen as
struggle over scarce resources, and
power can be seen as the means
through which struggle is
conducted.
POLITICS as
power.
In politics, power is usually
thought of as a relationship: that
is, as the ability to influence the
behavior of others. It is referred to
in terms of having ‘power over’
people.
• Using the concept map that you
accomplished, explain the
meaning of politics.
ASSIGNMENT
Focuses its study on the actual actions An academic discipline deals with the
or decisions of the state. theoretical study of the state and
government.
Politics is concerned with issues,
problems and activities of the state A political scientist observes how to
while political science is concerned on state makes decision, and how the
how the state originated, its nature and state’s decision affects people.
its functions.
In the modern perspectives, political science studies politics.
The state and government are the key factors in the study of
political science and politics.
Thus, political science cannot be differentiated from politics.
5 REASONS TO STUDY POLITICS
1. Politics will help you to know your rights.
2. Politics clarifies what you yourself believes.
3. Politics is a living, breathing subject.
4. Politics helps you to understand our nation’s
parties.
5. Politics prepares you for adult life.
[Link]
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HOW POLITICS
CAN BE STUDIED?
1. NORMATIVE vs. POSITIVE APPROACH
Focuses in answering the questions:
(What is?) Positive Approach
Example: “The Department of Education documented
more than 1,700 cases of child abuse and bullying in
school year 2013-2014.”
(What should be?) Normative Approach
Example: “Bullying and other forms of violence in
schools should be viewed not just a school problem but
a societal problem as well.”
2. BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
Focuses on the study of the individual
(voter, leader, party leader, etc.) particularly the
actors of the political system, their emotions,
biases and predispositions.
Behaviorists, therefore, study the political
process by looking at how it relates or influences
the individual’s behavior, motivations,
personalities or feelings of human actors
(Orji, 2009).
3. RATIONAL CHOICE APPROACH
Focuses on the study of human behavior,
wherein individuals are motivated by their
wants, their self-interest or goals which will
explain their preferences.
Furthermore, according to this approach,
humans act to maximize their outcome, that is,
to get the most benefit and profit from their
actions.
What is GOVERNANCE?
• the action of the government.
• “the process of decision-making and the
process by which decisions are
implemented.” (Sheng, UNESCAP)
• “a government’s ability to make and
enforce rule and to deliver services,
regardless of whether the government is
democratic or not.” -Fukuyama (2013)
• In the early Indian history, back to at
least 400 B.C, governance includes
emphasizing justice, ethics and anti-
autocratic tendencies.
• Moreover, World Bank (2007) defines
governance as “the manner in which
public officials and institutions acquire
and exercise the authority to shape
public policy and provide public goods
and services.”
NOTE:
Decisions should not be
influenced by interest of
the few, values and
preference.
8 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
GOVERNANCE
1. Participation – active involvement of all
affected and interested
parties in the decision-
making process.
2. Rule of Law - legal frameworks should
be fair and enforced
impartially.
3. Transparency - free flow of information.
4. Responsiveness - serve all stakeholders.
Consensus
5. - mediates differing
Oriented interests.
[Link] and - all its members have
Inclusiveness opportunities to improve or
maintain their well-being.
Effectiveness
7. - produce results that meet
and efficiency needs while making the
best use of resources .
8. Accountability - accountable to the public.
PHILIPPINE
Politics and Governance
for Senior High School
pages 8-12
Victoria O. Ligan
Gerlieta S. Ruiz
Mona [Link]
-Ms. Ivy
