SE225: Data Communication & Computer

Network

Nadira Islam
Department of Software
Engineering
Daffodil International University
 Introduction:
Why Data Communication???
 As the region prepares for e-governance, e-commerce
there is a need for reliable & secure data
communication networks.
 In a corporate networks where information and data
are a serious asset, the need for a highly qualified
Network and System Administrators cannot be
ignored.
 Software development is one area that could lead to
ICT private sector growth but it must meet
international standards.
 The data Communications course has been designed
to respond to the above challenges by creating a
critical mass of the professionals in Data
Communications and Software Engineering.
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 Data Communication:
What is Data Communication?
Exchange of information between two
devices is Called data communication.
• Sending an email is an example of data
communication
 Requirements of Data Communication:
At least two devices ready to
communicate.
Transmission Medium
Data Representation.
A set of rules & procedure (Protocols)
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 Effectiveness of Data
Communication:
Delivery: The system must deliver data to the
correct destination. Data must be received by
the intended device or user and only by that
device or user.
Accuracy: The system must deliver the data
accurately. Data that have been altered in
transmission and left uncorrected are
unusable.
Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a
timely manner. Data delivered late are useless.
Jitter: Jitter refers to the variation in the
packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in
the delivery of audio or video packets.
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 Data Representation:
 Text: text is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence
of bits (Os or 1s). Different sets of bit patterns have
been designed to represent text symbols. Each set is
called a code, and the process of representing symbols
is called coding.
 Numbers: Numbers are also represented by bit
patterns. However, a code such as ASCII is not used to
represent numbers; the number is directly converted to
a binary number to simplify mathematical operations.
 Images: Images are also represented by bit patterns.
In its simplest form, an image is composed of a matrix
of pixels (picture elements), where each pixel is a small
dot. After an image is divided into pixels, each pixel is
assigned a bit pattern.
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 Data Representation:
Audio: Audio refers to the recording or
broadcasting of sound or music. Audio is by
nature different from text, numbers, or
images. It is continuous, not discrete.
Video: Video refers to the recording or
broadcasting of a picture or movie. Video
can either be produced as a continuous
entity (e.g., by a TV camera), or it can be a
combination of images as a discrete entity.

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 Data Flow:
 Communication between two
devices can be:
Simplex
Half-duplex
Full-duplex

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 Data Flow:
Simplex:
The communication is unidirectional like
one way traffic.
Only one of the two devices on a link can
transmit; the other can only receive.
Simplex mode can use the entire capacity
of the channel to send data in one
direction.
Keyboard and traditional monitors are
example of simplex.

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 Data Flow:
 Half-duplex:
 Each station can both transmit and receive, but
not at the same time. The half-duplex mode is
like a one-lane road with traffic allowed in both
directions.
 When one devices sending, the other can only
receive, and vice versa.
 It is used in cases where there is no need for
communication in both directions at the same
time and the entire capacity of the channel can
be utilized for each direction like Walkie-
talkies.
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 Data Flow:
 Full-duplex:
 In full-duplex both stations can transmit and
receive simultaneously. The full-duplex mode is
like two-way street with traffic flowing in both
directions at the same time.
 The full-duplex mode is used when
communication in both directions is required all
the time. The capacity of the channel,
however, must be divided between the two
directions.
 One common example of full-duplex
communication is the telephone network.
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 Data Transmission:
Analog & Digital Data:
 Analog Data:
The term Analog data refers to information
that is continuous; such as the sounds made
by a human voice, take on continuous
values.
 Digital Data:
Digital data refers to information that has
discrete states. For example, data are stored
in computer memory in the form of Os and
1s.
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 Data Transmission:
Analog & Digital Signal:
A signal is any function that carries
information. Signals can be analog or
digital. Analog signals can have an
infinite number of values in a range;
Digital signals can have only a limited
number of values.

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 Data Transmission:
 Bandwidth:
The bandwidth of a composite signal is the
difference between the highest and the
lowest frequencies contained in that signal.
Example: If a periodic signal is decomposed
into five sine waves with frequencies of 100,
300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what is its
bandwidth?
Solution: Let fh be the highest frequency, fl
the lowest frequency, and B the bandwidth.
Then B =fh - fl = 900 - 100 =800 Hz
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 Data Transmission:
 Digital Signal Analysis:
Bit Rate:
 Most digital signals are non-periodic, and thus period
and frequency are not appropriate characteristics.
Another term bit rate is used to describe digital signals.
 The Bit rate is the number of bits sent in 1s, expressed
in bits per second (bps).
 Example: Assume we need to download text
documents at the rate of 100 pages per minute. What is
the required bit rate of the channel?
 Solution: A page is an average of 24 lines with 80
characters in each line. If we assume that one character
requires 8 bits, the bit rate is
100 x 24 x 80 x 8 =1,536,000 bps =1.536 Mbps

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 Data Transmission:
 Transmission Impairment:
Signals travel through transmission media,
which are not perfect. It means what is sent
is not what is received.
Three types of impairment happens in data
communication:

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 Data Transmission:
 Attenuation:
Attenuation means a loss of energy. When
a signal, simple or composite, travels
through a medium, it loses some of its
energy in overcoming the resistance of the
medium.
Some of the electrical energy in the signal
is converted to heat. To compensate for
this loss, amplifiers are used to amplify the
signal.

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 Data Transmission:
 Attenuation Calculation:
To show that a signal has lost or gained strength,
engineers use the unit of the decibel (dB).

Here, variables P1 and P2 are the powers of a signal

at points 1 and 2, respectively.
Example: Suppose a signal travels through a
transmission medium and its power is reduced to
one-half. This means that P2 = ½ P1 In this case, the
attenuation (loss of power) can be calculated as
Attenuation = 10log10 (0.5) = -3 dB

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 Data Transmission:
 Distortion:
Distortion means that the signal changes
its form or shape. Distortion can occur in a
composite signal made of different
frequencies.
Signal components at the receiver have
phases different from what they had at the
sender. The shape of the composite signal
is therefore not the same.

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 Data Transmission:
 Noise:
Noise is refers to any unwanted signal. For
any data transmission event, the received
signal will consist of some additional
unwanted signals that are inserted
somewhere between transmission and
reception these undesired signals are
referred to as noise which is the major
limiting factor in communications system
performance.

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 Data Transmission:
 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR):
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is a measure used in
science and engineering that compares the level
of a desired signal to the level of background
noise.

SNR is actually the ratio of what is wanted

(signal) to what is not wanted (noise).
A high SNR means the signal is less corrupted by
noise; a low SNR means the signal is more
corrupted by noise.
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 Data Transmission:
 Performance Measurement:
One important issue in networking is the
performance of the network-how good is it?
The following characteristics helps to
measure the performance of Data
transmission.
1)Bandwidth
2)Throughput
3)Latency (Delay)

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 Data Transmission:
 Bandwidth:
 In data communication, we use the term bandwidth in two
contexts.
 The first, bandwidth in hertz, refers to the range of
frequencies in a composite signal or the range of
frequencies that a channel can pass. For example, we can
say the bandwidth of a subscriber telephone line is 4 kHz.
 The second, bandwidth in bits per second, refers to
the speed of bit transmission in a channel or link. For
example, one can say the bandwidth of a Fast Ethernet
network is a maximum of 100 Mbps.
 Relationship: There is an explicit relationship between
the bandwidth in hertz and bandwidth in bits per seconds.
Basically, an increase in bandwidth in hertz means an
increase in bandwidth in bits per second.

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 Data Transmission:
 Throughput:
The throughput is a measure of how fast we can
actually send data through a network. At first glance,
bandwidth and throughput seem the same but they
are not.
The bandwidth is a potential measurement of a link;
the throughput is an actual measurement of how fast
we can send data.
Imagine a highway designed to transmit 1000 cars per
minute from one point to another. However, if there is
congestion on the road, this figure may be reduced to
100 cars per minute. Here the bandwidth is 1000 cars
per minute and the throughput is 100 cars per minute.

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 Data Transmission:
 Throughput Calculation:
Example: A network with bandwidth of 10
Mbps can pass only an average of 12,000
frames per minute with each frame carrying
an average of 10,000 bits. What is the
throughput of this network?
Solution: We can calculate the throughput
as
Throughput= 12,000 x 10,000 / 60 =2 Mbps
Here the throughput is almost one-fifth of
the bandwidth in this case.
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 Data Transmission:
 Latency (Delay):
The latency or delay defines how long it
takes for an entire message to completely
arrive at the destination from the time the
first bit is sent out from the source.
We can say that latency is made of four
components: propagation time, transmission
time, queuing time and processing delay.
Latency = Propagation time +
Transmission time +Queuing time +
Processing delay
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 Data Transmission:
 Propagation Time:
 Propagation time measures the time required for a bit to
travel from the source to the destination. The propagation
time is calculated by dividing the distance by the
propagation speed.
Propagation time = Distance / Propagation speed
 Example: What is the propagation time if the distance
between the two points is 12,000 km? Assume the
propagation speed to be 2.4 x 10^8 m/s in cable.
 Solution: We can calculate the propagation time as
Propagation time = 12,000 x 1000 / 2.4 x 10^8 =50 ms
 The example shows that a bit can go over the Atlantic Ocean
in only 50 ms if there is a direct cable between the source
and the destination.

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 Data Transmission:
 Transmission Time:
In data communications we don't send just 1 bit, we
send a message. The first bit may take a time equal
to the propagation time to reach its destination; the
last bit also may take the same amount of time.
The first bit leaves earlier and arrives earlier; the
last bit leaves later and arrives later. The time
required for transmission of a message depends on
the size of the message and the bandwidth of the
channel.
 Transmission time =Message size / Bandwidth

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 Data Transmission:
 Queuing Time/Processing delay:
The third component in latency is the queuing time,
the time needed for each intermediate or end
device to hold the message before it can be
processed.
The queuing time is not a fixed factor; it changes
with the load imposed on the network. When there
is heavy traffic on the network, the queuing time
increases.
An intermediate device, such as a router, queues
the arrived messages and processes them one by
one. If there are many messages, each message
will have to wait.
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 Thank You !!!
Any
Questions ???
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