Elasticity (Lec-16)
Presenting by-
Dr. Hasina Akther
Associate Professor
Physics
# Deformation by bending
A rod or a bar of uniform cross-section, circular or rectangular, the length
of which is very much greater than its thickness is called a beam. The
shearing stresses set up over any section of such a structure are negligibly
small.
When a beam is fixed at one end and a load is applied at the other end, it
bends due to the moment of the applied force. The plane of bending is the
same in which the couple acts. The beam, so bent from its normal shape,
will of course return to its original shape once the deforming forces are
withdrawn provided it has not been strained beyond the elastic limit.
When the bar AB is supported at two points equidistant from its middle
point C. A downward force p=mg is applied at C, the bar bends down at
the middle, the amount of depression is proportional to P in accordance
with Hooke’s law.
Let a small portion of the bend beam along the neutral axis
(the line of intersection of the neutral layer and the plane of
the applied couple is known as the neutral axis) form the arc
mn of a circle of radius R and let it subtend an angle θ at the
centre of curvature O. Let m'n' be the length of an element at a
distance x from the neutral axis.
In the unstrained condition, mn=m'n'.
Now mn= Rθ and m'n'=(R+x)θ. So increase in length,
m'n'-mn=(R+x)θ-Rθ= xθ
strain= xθ/Rθ = x/R
Thus the strain in a layer is directly proportional to its distance
from the neutral axis.
Bending moment:
A bending moment is a measure of the average internal
stress induced in a structural element when an external
force or moment is applied to the element causing the
element to bend.
The internal stresses in a cross-section of a structural
element can be resolved into a resultant force and a
resultant couple, the resultant internal couple is called the
bending moment.
Let us consider a small element ABCD of the beam bent in the form
of an arc of a circle of radius R. The neutral surface EF subtends an
angle θ at the centre of curvature O. where EF=Rθ.
Let EJ be drawn parallel to FB cutting GH at K. Now GH is the
length of the stretched filament HK lying at a distance x above the
neutral surface so that KH=EF=Z is the outstretched length. Then
tensile strain= increase in length/original length= dz/Z.
Let α be the area of cross-section of the filament, then the
tensile stress = P/α where P is the magnitude of the
applied force. Now the Young’s modulus
Y=tensile stress/tensile strain = (P/α)/(dz/Z),
Or tensile stress, P/α=Y.(dz/Z)
= young’s modulus X strain
=Y.(xθ/Rθ) = Yx/R
Or P = Yxα/R= stress(Yx/R) X area(x)
Then the moment of this force about EF
= P.x =(Yxα/R).x= Yx2α/R
The total moment of the forces,
= ∑ Yx2α/R
=Y/R ∑ x2α
M = YIg/R
The total moment of the forces,
M = YIg/R
The bending moment obviously balances the moment of the
external force acting at the section.
Flexural rigidity: It is defined as the external bending
moment required to produce a unit radius of curvature. Or
the quantity YIg measures the resistance of the beam to
bending and is called the flexural rigidity of the beam.
Thus the bending moment of the beam
= flexural rigidity/ R
Work of rupture:
Work of rupture is defined as the energy
needed to break a specimen. If we may
consider a fiber under a load F, increasing
in length dl.
Then, work done Force × displacement
F × dl
Total work of break ʃ F× dl
Work of rupture can also be calculated by
½ × Braking load × Breaking elongation
THANKS TO ALL
