Submitted by

Dr. V. P. Kamble

WEL-COME
 Rose

Botanical Name : Rosa Indica

Family : Rosaceae
Origin : Roses are
originated in Asia
 CLASSIFICATION OF ROSES :
Roses are broadly classified under two groups:
I. Old Garden roses or Wild roses
II. Modern Garden Roses
I) Old Garden Roses : Old garden roses includes the crosses between
a. European Roses x wild roses
b. Asian or China roses x wild roses
European roses are having tendency to bloom only once in a year i.e. during
summer.
Asian or China roses are having habit to produce the flowers throughout the
year or at least twice in a year.
Due to the development of modern roses old garden roses have become out
dated.
ii) Modern Garden Roses :
Modern garden roses are developed as a result of the crosses between
European Roses x Asian Roses (China roses) and have occupied the place in
commercial gardening.

Modern garden roses includes : a) Hybrid Tea (H.T.) b)Floribunda (c)

Miniature (d) Polyantha (e) Ramblers (f)Creepers (g)Shrub
1. Floribundas:
2. It has been produced as a result of
crosses between Hy. Tea x Polyantha.
3. Medium-sized flowers in large
bunches. bloom abundantly
4. Repeat bloomers, 1 to 1.2 m height.
5. The first Floribunda ‘Rodhatte’ was
developed by crossing Hy. Tea x Dwarf
Polyantha by a Danish Breeder Poulson
in 1912.

6. e.g. Banjaran, Iceberg, Red gold,

Queen Elizabeth, Sea pearl.
2. Hybrid Perpetuals:
3. These are considered to be the offspring of Rosa chinensis, R. gallica and R.
centifolia.
4. They are not perpetually flowering types.
3.Hybrid Teas:
o These are also called as ‘Tea scented’ China roses.
o Large, double flowers, borne singly. Repeat bloomers.
o They are known to have originated from Hybrid Perpetuals x Tea roses of
China.
o 1 to 1.3 m height
1. The first modern rose i.e. Hybrid Tea La-France was developed by Guillot in
1867, in France by crossing Hy. Perpetuals x China Tea Rose

2. e.g. John F. Keneddy, Gladiator, Superstar, Papa Meilland, First prize.

3. The first yellow pernet rose was developed by another French rose Breeder
Pernet – Drucher by crossing Hy. Perpetual with Rosa lutea (Rosa foetida)
commonly known as ‘Pernet rose’.

4. The first Hy. Tea yellow rose was named as ‘Seleil door’.
4. Grandiflora:
 Crosses between hybrid tea x floribunda roses.
 Medium-sized flowers born in clusters
 Bloom abundantly
 Repeat bloomers, 1.5 m height
5. Polyanthas:
 Polyantha roses are a class of very hardy roses that produce dense bunches of
tiny blossoms.
 Polyantha rose was produced as a result of cross between Rosa multiflora x
Dwarf Pink China
 Repeat bloomers. 0.3 to 0.6 m height. e.g. Echo, Flamboyent, Snow princess.
6. China roses:
 The china roses are more responsible for nearly all the present-day popular roses.
7. Damask roses:
These are believed to have originated from the cross between R. phoenicia x
R. gallica
8. Miniatures:
 These are popular baby roses with small leaves and flowers.
 They are hardy and are multiplied by cuttings.
 10 to 30 cm height
 These are most ideally suited for edging, pots, rockeries and window gardens
e.g. Red flush, pixic, Baby masquarade, Baby goldstar, Cri-cri.
9. Bourbon Roses:
 They have originated from natural cross between the China rose x Damask
rose
 The bourbon have large, wide and silky petals, very scented
10. Ramblers:
11. These are old climbers with large clusters of small single or double flowers
12. Ramblers required support to climb up and are suitable for covering fences,
walls and trellis.
13. They are vigorous growing with small flowers in clusters.
11. Climbers :
1. They are stiffer stem and generally have bigger size flowers.
2. They produce the multi-petaled flowers in single, like Hy. Tea or in cluster as
floribunda.
3. The climbers are most suitable for arches, pergola, pillars e.g. Golden
showers, Royal gold, Delhi white pears.
 FORMS OF ROSE FLOWERS

1) Single flower : Having less than 8 petals

2) Semi double flower : Having 8-20 petals
3) Double flower : Having More than 20
petals
FLOWER COLOUR TYPE :
1. Single: Petals similarly coloured
throughout.
2. Bi-colour : Colour of outside of
each petals differ from inside.
3. Multicolour : Colour of the
petals changes distinctly with
age. Flower trusses have
several colours at the same time.
4. Blend : Two or more colours
merge on the inside of each
petals.
5. Stripped : Two or more
different colours on each petals,
one of which is in the form of
distinct bonds.
Soil:

1. Medium sandy loamy soil having sufficient amount of organic matter is

ideal for rose cultivation.

2. Soil pH should be between 6.0 to 7.5.

3. The soil with poor drainage and water stagnation should not be selected
for rose growing.

4. The land with high water table is not suitable for rose beds.
Climate:

1. Rose crop loves sunshine and free ventilation.

2. Sunshine for 6 hours is ideal for better growth and flowering.

3. Ideal temperature for greenhouse rose cultivation is 15 to 27°C

4. Night temperature of about 16°C produces more flowers of good quality.

5. Ideal humidity range for rose is about 60-65 per cent

Varieties:

A) Exotic cultivars:

Hybrid Teas: American Heritage, Christian Dior, Eiffel Tower, Fragrant

Cloud, Gladiator, Happiness, Illona, Kings
Ransome

Floribundas: Allgold, Brindal Pink, Coronation Gold, Golden Times, Iceburg,

Mercedes, Queen Elizabeth.

Polyanthas: Katharina Zeimet, Orleans Rose,

Miniatures: Baby Masquerade, Blue Mist, Brightside, Coralin.

B) Indian cultivars

Hybrid Teas: Apsara, Dr. Homi Bhabha, Raktgandha, Mridula, Mrinalini,

Arjun, Dr. B.P. Pal

Floribundas: Banjaran, Madhura, Sadabahar,

Polyanthas: Anjani, Rashmi, Swati, Chandrika, Dazzler, Pushkala.

Climbers: Akash, Pradip, Delhi Pink Pearl, Kanyakumari, Lalkila.

ICAR – Arka Pride, Arka Sukanya

Layout and land preparation:

1. The initial preparation of land starts during summer season so that the soil
gets exposed to sun and air.

2. The selected area is cleaned of weeds according to the plan and the borders
of the proposed beds are marked.

3. The soil is pulverized and gravels, stones, brick pieces and other foreign
materials are removed and exposed to sun for about a week.

4. Organic matter in the form of FYM is applied @ 50-60 t/ha.

5. Application of superphosphate @ 30 kg and Aldrin or BHC (5 % dust) @

100 kg /ha is done.
Bed preparation:
1. The design of beds
should be simple and
informal.
2. Rectangular beds are
advantageous for proper
maintenance of rose
garden.
3. The width of beds should
be such that operations
like weeding, hoeing,
forking, cutting of
flowers etc, can be done
efficiently.
Planting:
1. Planting should be done
thoroughly in prepared beds.
2. At the time of planting, the soil
should neither be too wet nor
too dry.
3. At each marked spot a hole is
taken to accommodate the
earth ball of the plant.
4. Care should be taken that the
bud union is 2.5-5.0 cm above
soil level.
5. The bed after planting should
be thoroughly irrigated. Making holes in the bed
Season of planting:
1. In plains of India : September-October
2. In Hills : October-November or February-
March
3. In Northern India : October is the best month for planting.

Planting distance:
4. A spacing of 60x 60 cm Or 75x75 cm is ideal for rose growing.
5. For vigorous varieties 90x90 cm is ideal
6. For miniatures 30x30 cm
7. For dwarf varieties 45x45 cm.
Propagation: Generally, three
root stocks are commonly used
for the propagation of roses:
i) Rosa multiflora
ii) Rosa indica var.
Odorata
iii) Rosa Edward :or Rosa
Propagation
bourboriana var. Edward.
1. Rose can be propagated both
by seeds and various
vegetative methods like
cutting, layering, budding and
grafting.
2. In India budding (shielding
budding) is the best
propagation method which
provides better quality and
Pruning:

1. Pruning is an important operation for maintenance of floriferousness, flower

quality and vigour of rose plant.
The main objects of pruning rose plants are:
2. To remove the unproductive growth.
2. To ensure production of large number of strong and healthy shoots.
3. Forcing the strongest shoot bud to break in growth.
4. To keep the rose bush in proper shape and size.
5. To allow light and air to reach the center of the plant.
Method of pruning:
1. In pruning the cut is given about 0.5 cm
above a vigorous bud.
2. While making the cut care should be taken
not to make it too high above the eye or
near the eye as it may lead to dieback of
the shoot.
3. It is absolutely necessary to cut sharp and
clean.
4. Broken tissues, bruises or hanging shreds
of bark may cause incidence of pests and
diseases.
5. All wounds should be painted with
fungicide along with insecticide to protect
against diseases and pests.
Pruning time:
1. In India pruning is done only once a year .

2. The usual time for pruning is during October-November.

3. In some regions, pruning is done twice a year at the end of November and
again at the end of June.
Manures and fertilizers:

1. Manures in the form of FYM or compost are added @ 8-10 kg/plant or 4-5
t/ha for proper growth and flowering.

2. Fertilizers are applied @ 250 kg N, 500kg P, 375 kg K/ha.

3. Fertilizers are applied in three split doses when there is sufficient moisture
in the soil.

4. First application is given about 15 days after pruning.

5. The second dose is given after first flush is over

6. The third dose is applied after second flush is over and before the spring
blooming.
Irrigation:

1. Adequate soil moisture is essential for rose plants at all stages of vegetative
growth and flowering.

2. Excess of water is harmful to rose plants.

3. The rose plants should not be irrigated before and after pruning.

4. Rose beds should be irrigated once a week or at an interval of 10 days in

winter and twice a week during summer season.
Intercultural / Special Horticultural Practices / operations:
1. Light hoeing is very effective to keep the soil porous and to keep the beds free from
weeds.
2. The operation should be practiced carefully so that the surface or stem roots are not
damaged.
3. Other important plant management practices like pinching, disbudding, removal of
faded flowers and young vegetative shoots helps to improve growth and flower
production.

Removal of faded flowers Disbudding

Removal of faded flowers
Bud Capping

The flower buds are inserted with

nylon cap which helps for
increasing bud size, avoids damage
in transportation and maintains the
microclimate in package.
Harvesting:
1. The flowers should be cut either for decoration or for dispatch to distant market.
2. For distant market flowers are harvested at tight-bud stage when the bud show
full colour but the petals have not yet started unfolding.
3. Loose flowers are harvested only when they are fully open and collected in large
open baskets.
4. The flowers should be cut in the early morning or late in the evening to avoid
damage of buds due to high temperature.
5. For cut flowers the stem length should be little more and bear fairly good
number of leaves.
6. Immediately after cutting the stems are dipped in clean water up to the neck or
base of the flower buds.
 Grading of Roses

MEDIUM STEM SMALL STEM

LONG STEM ROSES ROSES
ROSES • Stem length: • Stem length:
• Stem length: • 30-70 cm
50-70 cm
• 50-120 cm
• Yield: • Yield:
• Yield: 250-350
220 stems/m2/year
100-150 stems/m2/year
stems/mtr.sqr/yr • Varieties:
• Varieties: Motrea,coronette,
• Varieties: Vivaldi, first Jaguar, golden calypso,carona
red, grand gala, times, maronesse,
confetti lambada, gabrella
3
Stage of harvesting
for cut flowers
Yield:

1. Plants grown in open field condition yield about 13.5 long stemmed cut
blooms / Sq. m.

2. In close planting and under protected conditions about 1,20,000 cut

flowers are obtained per hectare.
Pests on Rose: Aphids
1. Nymphs and adults feed on succulent or new growth plant juices, attacking
leaves, stems, buds, flowers depending on the species.
2. Aphids can be controlled by spraying Methyl demeton 25 EC 2 ml/lit of water
or carbofuran 3G 5 g/plant or spray Neem oil 3 % or Phosalone 35 EC 2 ml/lit.
Rose chafer beetle
1. The adult rose chafer’s main diet is
flower blossoms.
2. Rose chafer damage can be recognized
by the large irregularly shaped holes all
over the flowers.
3. Hand picking and destruction of chafer
beetles during day time
4. Spraying of petroleum ether extract or
dried rhizomes of Acorus calamus ( 0.1
to 0.5%)
5. Treat the soil around the trunk with
carbaryl 10% @ 30 g/plant
6. Spray methyl parathion 50 EC or
malathion 50 EC at 2 ml/l of water.
Thrips:
1. Thrips damage plants by sucking their
juices and scraping at fruits, flowers
and leaves.
2. Plant leaves may turn pale, silvery
and then die.
3. Injured plants are twisted, discolored
and scarred.
4. Thrips, can be controlled by spraying
Methyl demeton 25 EC 2 ml/lit of
water or Carbofuran 3G 5 g/plant or
spray Neem oil 3 % or Phosalone 35
EC 2 ml/lit.
Red scale:
1. The affected plant parts become disfigured, dry wither away. In case of severe
infestation, the entire plant dies.
2. Spray malathion 50 EC or endosulfan 1.0 L in 500 - 750 L of water / ha at the
time of pruning and again during March- April or apply carbofuran 3G 5g/plant
or spray fish oil rosin soap 25 g /L
Red spider mites:
1. It attacks by sucking the material from plant cells. Large infestations
causes discoloration or bronzing of the leaves/foliage.
2. Spray dicofol 2 ml (or) wettable sulphur 2 g/lit.
Mealy bugs:
1. Mealybugs damage plants with their toxic saliva, causing leaves to drop,
inhibiting plant growth and creating yellow spots.
2. Mealy bugs can be controlled by spraying Acephate 8g / l water or
Monocrotophos 2 ml/lit or Methyl parathion 2 ml/lit.
Diseases on Rose: Dieback:
1. Drying of twigs from tip downwards and blackening of the twigs.
2. The disease spreads to root and causes complete killing of the plants
3. Pruning should be done so that lesions on the young shoots will be
eliminated.
4. Apply chaubatia paste in the pruned area. Spray with Difolatan 0.2% (or)
Chlorothalonil 0.2% (or) Mancozeb 0.2%
Powdery mildew: Sphaerotheca pannosa
1. Powdery mildew attacks the fresh new foliage of the plants and will also
stunt the bud growth, causing disfigured blooms.
2. Powdery coating appear on leaves but spread to buds & young shoots.
3. Later malformation of older leaves & flower buds.
4. Spray with Wettable sulphur 0.3% (or) Carbendazim 0.1% 2-3 sprays at 15
days interval is effective.
Black spot: Diplocarpon rosae
1. Small 2 mm black spots enlarging to 12 mm with generally circular
appearance but having a feathery edge found on upper leaf surface &
immature cans.
2. Infection are generally noticed on lower leaves, above the ground level &
progress the upwards. Leaves become yellow & then drops.
3. It can be controlled by spraying Carbendazim 1 g/lit Mancozeb or Benlate
or Bordeaux mixture twice at fortnightly intervals.
Rust:
1. The affected leaves turn yellow deformed and fall prematurely.
2. Die back symptom also appear due to weakening of the plant.
3. Spray with Wettable sulphur 0.25%
Botrytis blight: Botrytis cinerea
1. The disease may affect flowers which may not open and may covered with
grayish brown fungal growth. Young flower buds droop, turn black at the
base
2. Spray carbendazim @ 1 g or Chlorothalonil 2 g or Mancozeb 2 g or
Azoxystrobin 0.5 g or Thiophanate methyl 0.5 g/ liter of water.
Bacterial crown gall: Agrobacterium tumefaciens
• Cork like substance that will turn brown & harden as it ages.
• Stunted plant growth.
• Cut the gall with the help of sharp knife & brush on full strength bleach.
• Destroy the galls after cutting. Avoid the injury of plant.
Thank You